去集体化还是再集体化:日本集落营农组合的镜鉴与启示

De-collectivization or Re-collectivization:Reflections and Insights from Japanese Rural Camp Farming Cooperatives

集体化是将农民组织起来,实现农业规模化经营的有效手段,集体合作、协调一致、权责对等是其基本特征。本文以再集体化实践的组织载体集落营农组合为例,梳理日本集体化的理论研究动态和实践改革进展。研究发现,日本有关集体化的理论与实践具有动态性与阶段性的显著特点。政府主导的去集体化改革虽有利于规模农业的发展,却不适宜小农社会的农业实态,传统的集体化形式也难以适应农村集体产权的现代化转变。在此背景下,再集体化实践中通过集落营农组合成功将农业生产过程中正在解体和农村正在消亡的各类要素在组合框架内重构统合,找到了农业现代化发展的实施路径。鉴于此,中国的集体产权制度改革应明确去集体化的限度与再集体化的必要性及内容。在此基础上,培育新型农业经营主体,发展新型农村集体经济形式,才能切实实现集体产权制度改革的任务与目标。

Collectivization is an effective means to organize farmers and realize large-scale agricultural management.Collective cooperation,coordination and equal rights and responsibilities are its basic characteristics.Taking the organization carrier of re-collectivization Rural Camp Farming Cooperatives as an example,this study reviews the theoretical research trends and practical reform progress of collectivization in Japan.It is found that the theory and practice of collectivization in Japan are dynamic and staged.Although the government-led de-collectivization reform is conducive to the development of large-scale agriculture,it is not suitable for the agricultural reality of small-scale farming society,and it is difficult for the traditional collectivization form to adapt to the modernization of rural collective property rights.Under this background,in the practice of re-collectivization Rural Camp Farming Cooperatives,various elements that are disintegrating and disappearing in the process of agricultural production and rural areas are reconstructed and integrated in the framework of combination,and the implementation path of agricultural modernization is established.In view of this,the reform of China’s collective property rights system should clarify the limitation of de-collectivization and the necessity and content of re-collectivization.On this basis,cultivating new agricultural management subjects and developing new rural collective economic forms can effectively realize the task and goal of collective property rights system reform.