创新过程视角下的技术机会识别:内涵、分类与展望

Technology Opportunity Identification from the Perspective of Innovation Process:Connotation,Classification,and Prospects

技术机会识别的核心目标在于,基于技术创新过程中不同环节和不同实践者的现实需求,系统化解决“未来做什么以及如何做”这一关键问题,从而提升技术创新能力。自“技术机会”提出至今近30年的研究中,尚未形成面向技术创新全过程的技术机会识别体系。因此,基于中国知网和Web of Science核心数据库的79篇相关文献,从技术创新理论内涵出发,探究创新过程视角下技术机会异质性构成,并依据不同研究目的将其划分为研发导向型技术机会、产品导向型技术机会、市场导向型技术机会3种类别,进一步围绕识别视角、研究数据、研究方法、识别依据、验证方式进行系统化总结与归纳。结果表明:关于技术机会的内涵及类型划分尚未形成统一标准;而技术创新是对技术机会的认识和实践过程,是技术机会不同存在形式的集合,面向不同技术创新活动,技术机会的存在形式、研究目的也各不相同。其中,研发导向型技术机会即面向领域技术布局的技术研发,研究对象主要包括已经存在的技术和尚未被开发的技术(技术空白点或技术真空点);产品导向型技术机会即面向产品性能提升的技术研发,主要围绕技术和产品层面展开研究;市场导向型技术机会即面向市场需求的技术研发,主要从宏观和微观层面进行研究。总体而言,不同导向型技术机会的内涵、存在形式、研究目的实则各不相同,因此需要从不同的识别视角切入并辅以相应的研究数据与研究方法。未来,技术机会相关研究将面临研究对象从一般性技术到颠覆性技术,研究方法从多样化发展到规范化统一,研究视角从单一化、维度化到多层次、系统化的转变,需基于技术传递系统考虑来自宏观环境、中观体制和微观利基带来的交互作用,以期为国家和地方形成新的重大科技创新战略提供理论参考依据。

The primary aim of technology opportunity identification is to systematically tackle the fundamental question of"what to undertake in the future and how to execute it"grounded in the practical requirements of diverse stages and practitioners engaged in the technology innovation process.Despite almost three decades of research since the inception of"technology opportunity",a comprehensive framework for identifying technology opportunities spanning the entire technology innovation lifecycle remains elusive.Consequently,this paper commences by drawing upon 79 pertinent articles sourced from China National Knowledge Internet(CNKI)and Web of Science.It delves into the theoretical foundations of technology innovation and,from an innovation process-centric viewpoint,investigates the multifaceted composition of technology opportunities.Based on distinct research objectives,technology opportunities are systematically classified into three categories:R&D-oriented,product-oriented,and market-oriented.Furthermore,a comprehensive and methodical synthesis is undertaken,encompassing data sources,identification perspectives,identification methods,and verification technique.The results indicate that a unified standard for the connotation and classification of technology opportunities has yet to be established.Technology innovation,as the process of recognizing and implementing technology opportunities,represents a collection of diverse manifestations of these opportunities.Depending on the specific technology innovation activity,the manifestations and research objectives of technology opportunities vary.Specifically,R&D-oriented technology opportunities focus on technology research and development aligned with domain-specific technology layouts,encompassing both existing technologies and those yet to be exploited("technological white spaces"or"voids").Product-oriented technology opportunities,on the other hand,target technology advancements aimed at enhancing product performance,primarily through research at the technology and product levels.Market-oriented technology opportunities involve technology research and development responsive to market demands,examined from both macro and micro perspectives.In summary,the connotations,manifestations,and research objectives of technology opportunities vary across these different orientations,necessitating distinct identification perspectives,coupled with appropriate research data and methodologies.Accordingly,research concerning technology opportunities is poised to undergo a significant paradigm shift.This shift entails a transition from generalized technologies to disruptive technologies,a progression from diversified to standardized and consolidated research methodologies,and a move from single-dimensional to multifaceted and systematic research perspectives.It is crucial to take into account the intricate interplay of the macro environment,meso system,and micro niche,all within the context of the technology delivery ecosystem.Ultimately,this research aims to offer theoretical guidance to national and local governments in the formulation of novel and major technology innovation strategies.