农村全过程人民民主的发展样态及实践困境

Development Pattern and Practice Dilemma of Whole-process People’s Democracy in Rural Areas

全过程人民民主深植于中国情境,在价值向度上拓展了民主政治的范式,激活了人民同国家的有机互动,实现了民主内蕴的众意与公意的耦合,丰富了人类政治文明的内涵。在实践向度上,农村作为中国基层民主广泛运转的实践场域,其民主化程度势必深刻影响国家治理现代化的进程。我国农村全过程人民民主获得了长足的进步,基于实际发展状况,其发展样态凸显为人民性、有序性、共治性。意欲推动全过程人民民主向纵深发展,还需要克服运转过程中存在的阻碍,主要呈现为历史演进困境——实践理性受限于传统伦理秩序,市场意识困境——市场经济淡化乡村共同体意识,二元结构困境——乡村精英外流削弱了内生活力,公共管理困境——乡镇与村共谋影响了村庄自决。对此,提出建强基层党组织、培育村庄内生动力、蓄留本土优秀人才、完善民主运行机制等优化全过程人民民主在农村的实践路径。

Whole-process people’s democracy is deeply rooted in Chinese context,expanding the paradigm of democratic politics in the value dimension,activating the organic interaction between the people and the country,realizing the coupling of the will of citizens and the will of everyone within democracy,and enriching the connotation of human political civilization.In terms of practical dimension,rural areas,as a widely operating practice field of grassroots democracy in China,their degree of democratization is bound to deeply affect the process of modernization of national governance.The whole-process people’s democracy in China’s rural areas has made great progress.Based on the actual development situation,its development pattern highlights the characteristics of people’s nature,order and co-governance.In order to promote the deep development of whole-process people’s democracy,we also need to overcome the obstacles in the process of operation,which are mainly presented as the dilemma of historical evolution:practical rationality is limited by the traditional ethical order;the dilemma of market awareness:the market economy weakens the awareness of rural community;the dilemma of urban-rural dual structure:the outflow of rural elites weakens the internal vitality;And the dilemma of public management:the collusion between towns and villages affects village self-determination.In this regard,a proposal was raised to optimize the practice path of whole-process people’s democracy in rural areas,such as strengthening the grassroots Party organizations,cultivating the endogenous power of villages,retaining local talents,and improving the democratic operation mechanism.