“五四宪法”中行政权塑造的权利视角

The Rights Perspective in the Shaping of Administrative Power by the 1954 Constitution

在国家建构的整体目标下,“五四宪法”通过“机关样态”的方式塑造了行政权,而公民基本权利与行政权的对应关系则为理解后者的一条“暗线”,借助分析法学的基本范畴,“五四宪法”中行政权呈现出了“义务”“无权利”“权力”“无权力”“特权”等多种样态。基于无产阶级革命理论中法律工具主义的立场和社会主义改造的现实需要,本应主要表现为“义务”的行政权更多以“权力”性质的裁量权存在,这一情形在过渡时期是合理且必要的。有鉴于此,在“八二宪法”框架之下应为工具性的行政权注入更多的权利保障价值,通过合宪性审查、备案审查等宪法实施监督机制以及裁量基准、行政复议、行政诉讼应诉等执法监督制度推进行政权的运行完善。

Under the overall goal of state construction,the 1954 Constitution shaped administrative power through specifying the“form of the governmental organs”while the corresponding relationship between basic citizen rights and administrative power constitutes a“hidden thread”for understanding the latter.By analyzing the basic categories in legal studies,the 1954 Constitution presents various types of concepts concerning the administrative power,such as“obligations”,“lack of rights”,“power”,“lack of power”,and“privileges”.Based on the instrumentalism of legal tools in proletarian revolution theory and the practical needs of socialist transformation,administrative power,which should primarily manifest as“obligations”,often exists more as a type of discretionary power.This situation was reasonable and necessary during the transitional period.In view of this,under the framework of the 1982 Constitution,more value of rights protection should be injected into instrumental administrative power,and the operation of administrative power should be improved through constitutional implementation supervision mechanisms such as constitutional review and registration review,as well as through enforcement supervision systems such as discretion standards,administrative reconsideration,and administrative litigation defense.