历史社会学中的结构主义路径

Structuralist Approaches in Historical Sociology

结构主义分析是社会科学研究的重要范式,但究竟何为结构主义,社会科学界缺乏系统的梳理。以结构主义思潮长期占据主流的历史社会学为考察对象,从知识运动视角出发,我们可以提出三种结构主义的分析路径:化约式结构主义、多元结构主义和关系结构主义。化约式结构主义肯定社会结构的客观性,关注静态的、长时段的宏观结构变迁进程,坚持用化约性的结构因素来解释社会历史变迁;多元结构主义强调文化的自主性和社会科学的建构性,侧重多种因素的共同作用,在研究领域和分析视角上呈现出更为多元化的态势;关系结构主义主张以关系视角来解释社会结构和社会现象,视社会网络分析为社会结构或关系研究的新范式。这三种辩证发展的结构主义路径彰显了经典社会分析传统的解释力。

Structuralist analysis is an important paradigm for social science research,but there is a lack of systematic clarification regarding what exactly constitutes structuralism within the social science community.By examining historical sociology,where structuralist thought has long been the main-stream,and from the perspective of the intellectual movement,we can identify three structuralist approaches:reductive structuralism,pluralistic structuralism,and relational structuralism.Reductive structuralism affirms the objectivity of the social structure,pays attention to the static and long-term macro-structural change process,and adheres to explaining social and historical changes with reductive structural factors;pluralistic structuralism emphasizes the autonomy of culture and the constructivism of social science,emphasizes the joint effect of various factors,and presents a more pluralistic trend in research fields and analytical perspectives;and relational structuralism explains social structures and social phenomena from a relational perspective,and regards social network analysis as a new paradigm for the study of social structures or relationships.The dialectical development of these three structuralist approaches demonstrates the explanatory power of classical social analysis traditions.