移动的“地界”(mu ddix):小凉山彝族家支的分化与整合

Shifting Mu ddix:The Differentiation and Integration of the Yi Clan in Xiaoliangshan

家支制度被认为是凉山彝族社会政治制度的重要组成部分,它向内凝聚了血缘共同体的团结,向外抵御了共同体潜在的风险。因此,一般认为家支仅仅是以血缘世系为纽带进行整合的。通过对近代以来云南小凉山的考察发现,在有“等级团结”关系的彝族社会中,家支具有延展性,它既指一个具有血缘世系纽带的群体,也指具有等级涵盖关系的家支联合体。在本土概念中将其归纳为“地界”(mu ddix)。“地界”是指在小凉山彝族社会内部以诺伙家支为名号,诺伙、曲诺、阿加和呷西这三层身份关系为基础,以家支地界利益为最高原则来组成和维系共同体运转的法权机制,以此来讨论小凉山彝族社会中的家支构成关系、运转逻辑与分化原则。只有理解了“地界”中家支分化与整合的关系才能真正厘清小凉山彝族社会运行的基本逻辑。

The clan system is considered an integral part of the political system of the Yi society in the Liangshan region.It fosters unity within the blood-related community and defends against potential risks to the community.Consequently,it is commonly believed that clans are merely integrated based on bloodline lineage ties.Examination of the Xiaoliangshan in Yunnan since modern times reveals that in the Yi society with a"hierarchical solidarity"relationship,clans exhibit extensibility.They refer not only to a group bound by bloodline lineage ties but also to a collective of clans with encompassing hierarchical relationships.This concept is encapsulated in the local term"territory"(mu ddix)."Territory"refers to the legal mechanism within the Yi society of Xiaoliangshan,named after the Nuo Huo clan(诺伙家支),based on the three-tiered identity relationships of Nuo Huo(诺伙),Qu Nuo(曲诺),A Jia,and Ga Xi(阿加和呷西),and adhering to the highest principle of clan territorial interests to form and maintain the operation of the community.This is used to discuss the compositional relationships,operational logic,and principles of differentiation within the Yi society of Xiaoliangshan.Only by understanding the relationship between differentiation and integration of the clans within the"territory"can one truly clarify the fundamental logic of the operation of the Yi society in Xiaoliangshan.