数据财产犯罪中占有认定的构建方案:公法与私法的双重视角

Constructing a Scheme for Possession Determination in Data Property Crimes:A Dual Perspective of Public Law and Private Law

尽管数据财产的法律地位已被民法典认可,但其法律性质仍然十分模糊,导致刑事司法的定罪路径不一,直接影响占有的有无以及占有规则的判断,这很大程度上缘于数据财产犯罪法益悬而未定。基于数据财产价值性、无形性、依附性和非排他性的内在特征,数据财产犯罪应以数据安全法益与财产法益相叠加的双重防线法益保护为模式,放弃“独立保护模式”和“绝对附属说”的主张。在双重防线法益保护模式下,应承认数据财产是兼具财产属性和数据属性的新型财产,且需要重塑侵犯数据财产的行为要素即转移占有的结构内容。在占有的心素方面,行为人不需要针对具体特定的数据财产具有排除他人控制的占有意思,只需概括地明知自身占有数据财产,并有利用的意思追求;在占有的体素方面,独占性要求应被弱化,行为人需要控制或支配获取数据财产的任一“通道”,又能依据自身意愿随时获取数据财产。

Although the legal status of data property has been recognized by the Civil Code,its legal nature remains ambiguous,leading to inconsistent paths for conviction in criminal justice and directly affecting the determination of the existence of possession and the rules governing possession.This is largely due to the undetermined legal interests in data property crimes.Based on the intrinsic characteristics of data property such as its value,intangibility,dependency,and non-exclusivity,data property crimes should adopt a dual-line defense model that combines data security interests with property interests,abandoning the claims of“independent protection model”and“absolute accessory theory”.Under the dual-line defense model,it should be acknowledged that data property is a new type of property with both property and data attributes,and there is a need to reshape the structural content of the actus reus of infringing data property,specifically the concept of transferring possession.In terms of the mental element of possession,the actor does not need to have the intention to exclude others control over specific data property but only needs a general awareness of possessing data property and an intention to use it for his benefit.As for the physical element of possession,the requirement of exclusivity should be weakened,and the actor needs to control or have access to any“channel”for obtaining data property and be able to obtain it at any time according to his own will.