明清时期滇东北土司地区的社会发展

Social Development in the Local Tusi Chieftains-ruling Areas of Northeastern Yunnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

在云南变迁史上,云南东北部是一个较特殊的类型。秦汉以来的2000余年间,这一地区经历了几次大起大落的变化。明清两代情形亦不尽相同,以曲靖一带为界,明代云南东北部的南、北部发展差距明显。因有交通动脉普安入黔旧路经过,曲靖及其以南地区始终为明朝所控制,保持了持续发展的势头。乌撒、乌蒙、芒部等地改隶四川,四川官府鞭长莫及,上述地区仍被土司势力盘踞,经过其地的乌撒入蜀旧路亦险阻难行,致使经济增长相对滞后。雍正年间清廷在乌撒、乌蒙、芒部等地改土归流,并积极进行移民。改土归流后的一段时间内上述地区的发展仍较缓慢,到清代中期后发展速度加快。因外来人口大量进入,主要从事开矿、垦荒等经济活动,严重破坏了土壤与植被,其地的经济发展又面临新的挑战。

In the history of Yunnan's transformation and development,Northeastern Yunnan was a relatively special category.In more than 2000 years since the Qin and Han dynasties rises and falls happened here,yet the situation was not completely identical between the two dynasties.Qujing is situated between the north and south of Northeastern Yunnan,where obvious differences of development could be observed on either side in the Ming Dynasty.Thanks to the old road connection with Pu'an,a county of Southwestern Guizhou,Qujing and the areas southward were constantly under the control of the Ming Dynasty's feudal government,keeping the momentum of ongoing development.By comparison,Wusa,Wumeng and Mangbu to the north of Qujing were shifted to the rule under Sichuan,but the feudal government of Sichuan could hardly have any substantial influence there,and naturally,Tusi,the local minority people's chieftains,ruled in a real sense.For a long time,in these areas road access to Sichuan was inconvenient,dangerous and hard,and economic development was slow.During Emperor Yongzheng's reign of the Qing Dynasty these three areas ruling changed from Tusi to the feudal government in what was termed Gai Tu Gui Liu(shift from Tusi to provincial ruling),and many people moved in from outside.Still,development was not as fast as expected in the beginning despite the influx of outsiders.However,since the mid-Qing Dynasty development picked up,along with some negative effects.A great number of new settlers were involved in mining and new land cultivation,causing much destruction to soil and vegetation,and thus the local economic development was faced up with new challenge.