现实主义小说或现代讽刺

Realistic Novels or Modern Satire

19世纪法国现实主义可以被定义为某种语调:嘲讽。巴尔扎克认为这种语调是历史的要求。现实主义作家并不将自己视作启发读者、描画未来蓝图的先知。1830年革命后,当资产阶级自由主义民主试图强加自己的模型时,现实主义作家指出了现实的困境。现实主义式嘲讽与启蒙时代伏尔泰的反讽有根本差别,后者奠基于真理与谎言的截然区分之上,是好战的,以确定性的名义行事,为进步而斗争。前者则属于某种彻底的怀疑主义。小说的对话性不应理解为对民主精神(通过视角的多元化来关注多样性)的赞扬,而应理解为对社会话语的总体讽刺,这一社会话语是种巨大的众生喧哗。本论文意图界定的,正是这一“抽离”美学。

The French realism of the 19^(th) century could be defined by one tone: mockery.According to Balzac, it was determined by history. The realist writer did not see himself as a romantic mage destined to enlighten his reader or chart the paths of the future. Instead, he pointed out the dead ends of the present, while the bourgeois liberal democracy sought to impose its model after the revolution of 1830. This mockery differs greatly from Voltaire's irony during the Enlightenment, which was combative, exercised in the name of certainties, with a clear distinction between truth and lies, and militant for progress. Realist mockery is paired with radical skepticism. The very dialogism of the novel is not to be understood as a celebration of democratic spirit(acknowledging plurality through diverse points of view), but as a global satire of social discourse, a vast cacophony. This aesthetic of disengagement is what we seek to characterize.