修辞学与德国巴洛克戏剧

Rhetoric and German Baroque Drama

修辞学亦称演说术,是17世纪德国巴洛克诗学的核心要素。巴洛克修辞学继承古典和人文主义传统,不只限于语言层面的修辞格,而是围绕书面言辞和演说实践形成的一整套原理。古典修辞学-演说术就其产生和分类(诉讼演讲、政治演讲、典礼演讲),与公共生活密切相关。而巴洛克的政治历史剧,或以宣扬君主德性、讨论政体形式为题,或演绎国家理性与政治伦理的关系,其在人文中学上演,旨在通过戏剧表演,促进学生的语言和修辞学习,培养未来治国理政人才,在公共性上与古典修辞学-演说术相互契合。文章拟以巴洛克修辞学原理为经纬,以新近翻译出版的三部在文学审美意义上具有代表性的政治历史剧为例,以由外及内、由宏观及微观的路径,从不同侧面探讨修辞学与巴洛克戏剧的共生关系,尤其分析指出修辞学如何影响和规定巴洛克戏剧演出和戏剧诗学,修辞格又如何成为增强戏剧语言表现力的有效手段。

Rhetoric was a central element of German baroque poetics of the 17th-century.Inheriting the classical and humanist traditions, baroque rhetoric extends beyond to the rhetorical tropes and figures at the semantic level to encompass a system of principles developed from the practice of written text and oratory. Classical rhetoric in terms of its production and categorization(litigious speeches, political speeches, ceremonial speeches) is closely intertwined with public life. The baroque political-historical dramas, whether propagating monarchical virtues, discussing the forms of government, or elucidating the relationship between the reason of state and political ethics, are staged in gymnasiums to facilitate students' language and rhetoric skills and cultivate future leaders in governance through theatre performances,which is mutually compatible with the public nature of classical rhetoric. This paper takes the principles of baroque rhetoric as the theoretical framework, and the three newly translated and published political-historical dramas that are representative of the literary-aesthetic significance of this epoch as examples. From the macroscopic to the microcosmic level and from historical phenomena back to their intrinsic cause, this paper aims to explore the symbiotic relationship between rhetoric and baroque drama, particularly highlighting how rhetoric influences and prescribes the Baroque drama performances and poetics, and how rhetorical tropes and figures become an effective means to enhance the expressive power of the dramatic language.