青海囊谦、玛多两县盐场2018年调查简报

The 2018 Survey of Salt Farms in Nangqian and Maduo Counties,Qinghai

2018年,青海省文物考古研究所(现青海省文物考古研究院)与西北大学文化遗产学院对青海囊谦、玛多两县境内的9处传统盐场进行了专题调查,并结合历史文献与民族志材料,基本厘清了各盐场的规模、形制与产销状况。囊谦不同规模盐场的分布位置差异较大,大型盐场均坐落于季节性河流两岸的坡地上,沿用时间较长;小型盐场则多处于山坳内,以家庭生产为主,多经废弃。根据研究,囊谦白扎盐场始建于1185—1193年,其余盐场在清雍正年间至民国初年建造。哈江盐场历史上主要由当地藏族部落与商队自行采运,直至1940年才得到公营。青海中南部地区以茶卡盐湖、哈江盐湖、囊谦地区为中心的盐运网络,贯通了丝绸之路青海道、唐蕃古道、藏彝走廊三大文化走廊,促进了青南高原游牧部落之间的人群交流,同时推动了农牧文化互动。此次调查为进一步开展青藏高原盐业考古研究奠定了基础,并为探索当地盐业文化遗产内涵提供了一手材料。

In 2018, Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, in collaboration with the School of Cultural Heritage of Northwest University, conducted a special survey of nine traditional salt farms in Nangqian and Maduo counties of Qinghai Province. In combination with historical documents and ethnographic materials, we have basically clarified the scales, shapes, production and sales of these salt farms. There is corelation between the distribution and scale of salt farms in Nangqian, as large salt farms are all located on the slopes along seasonal rivers and have been used for a long time. The small ones are mostly family-owned and located in mountains, which have been abandoned for many times. According to the research, the Baizha Salt Farm in Nangqian was established between 1185 and 1193, while the others started between the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. Historically, the Hajiang Salt Farm was exploited and run by local Tibetan tribes and caravans until it went public-operated in 1940. The salt transportation network in central and southern Qinghai which was centered around the Chaka Salt Lake, Hajiang saline pool and Nangqian region connected the major cultural corridors of Silk Road(Qinghai Section), Tang-Tubo Ancient Road and Tibetan-Yi Corridor, thereby promoting the communication between the hordes in the southern Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the interaction between agricultural and husbandry cultures. In general, this survey gives us inspiration for further research on salt archaeology in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and provides first-hand material for exploring the cultural heritage of local salt industry.