基于传统品质评价的野生与栽培潞党参比较

Comparison of Wild and Cultivated Codonopsis pilosula Based onTraditional Quality Evaluation

目的:从性状、显微、初生与次生代谢产物含量3个方面对野生和栽培潞党参进行系统的比较研究。方法:收集野生及栽培潞党参样品,使用游标卡尺、卷尺及天平测量其性状数据,番红固绿染色法制作石蜡切片并利用光学显微镜观察其显微结构;按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(一部)党参项下浸出物测定方法检测醇溶性浸出物的含量,蒽酮比色法测定淀粉含量,多糖试剂盒测定总多糖含量,纤维分析仪测定纤维类成分含量,超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定单糖、二糖及部分次生代谢产物的含量。结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA),以变量重要性投影(VIP)值>1、P<0.05为依据,筛选野生和栽培潞党参的关键差异性成分。结果:性状方面,野生潞党参的“狮子盘头”、纵皱纹、根头下环状横纹均比栽培潞党参明显,对比断面特征,野生潞党参的皮部外侧裂隙明显较多,木心较大;显微特征方面,野生潞党参的石细胞较多,木质部占比较大,且木质部存在成环的木栓细胞,栽培潞党参的韧皮部占比较大,导管直径较小且排列疏松。初生代谢产物方面,栽培潞党参的45%乙醇浸出物和总多糖含量均明显高于野生潞党参(P<0.05);野生潞党参中的木质素、半纤维素、纤维素含量均明显高于栽培潞党参(P<0.05),野生潞党参中的果糖和葡萄糖含量明显高于栽培潞党参(P<0.05),蔗糖含量栽培潞党参明显高于野生潞党参(P<0.05)。次生代谢产物方面,栽培潞党参中的色氨酸、党参苷Ⅰ含量均明显高于野生潞党参(P<0.05),野生潞党参中的党参炔苷宁、党参炔醇、苍术内酯Ⅲ含量则明显高于栽培潞党参(P<0.05)。结论:野生和栽培潞党参在性状、显微及化学成分等方面均存在明显差异。葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、党参苷Ⅰ、色氨酸及纤维素类成分为野生与栽培潞党参的关键差异性成分。野生党参中炔类化合物含量和果糖积累较多,栽培党参中党参苷Ⅰ和蔗糖含量较高,但纤维素含量明显较低,这可能与其生长环境、生长年限及栽培方式等相关。基于本研究结果,建议增加炔类化合物、果糖与蔗糖的含量比为指标来表征不同生产方式的党参,以引导党参高品质生产。

Objective:To conduct a systematic comparative study on wild and cultivated Codonopsis pilosula(CP)from three aspects,including characters,microscopy,and contents of primary and secondary metabolites.Method:Wild and cultivated CP samples were collected,their characters were measured using vernier caliper,tape measure and balance,the paraffin sections were stained with safranin-fixed green dyeing,and their microstructure were observed under the optical microscope.The content of alcohol-soluble extracts in wild and cultivated CP was determined according to the method for determination of extract under CP in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the starch content was determined by anthrone colorimetry,the content of total polysaccharides was determined by kit method,Fiber analyzer was used to determine the content of fiber components,and ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)was used to determine the content of monosaccharides,disaccharides and some secondary metabolites.Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis(PCA)and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)were employed to screen key differential components between wild and cultivated CP on the basis of variable importance in the projection(VIP)value>1 and P<0.05.Result:In terms of morphological characteristics,the"lion's head-like"shape,longitudinal wrinkles,and circumferential wrinkles below the root cap of wild CP were more pronounced in wild CP compared to the cultivated ones.Regarding transverse sectional features,wild CP had more fissures on the outer side of the cortex and a larger duramen.Under microscopic examination,wild CP had more stone cells,a larger proportion of xylem,and the presence of cork cells arranged in rings in the xylem,while cultivated CP has a larger proportion of phloem,smaller vessel diameters,and a more loosely arranged vascular system.In terms of primary metabolites,the contents of 45%ethanol-soluble extract and total polysaccharides in cultivated CP were significantly higher than those in the wild ones(P<0.05),the contents of lignin,hemicellulose,cellulose,fructose and glucose in wild CP were significantly higher than those in the cultivated ones(P<0.05),while sucrose content in the cultivated CP was significantly higher than that in the wild ones(P<0.05).Concerning secondary metabolites,the contents of tryptophan and tangshenosideⅠin cultivated CP were significantly higher than those in the wild ones(P<0.05),whereas the contents of lobetyolinin,lobetyol and atractylenolideⅢin wild CP were significantly higher than those in the cultivated ones(P<0.05).Conclusion:There are significant differences between wild and cultivated CP in terms of morphological characteristics,microscopic features and chemical composition.Glucose,fructose,sucrose,tangshenosideⅠ,tryptophan and cellulose components are the key differential components between wild and cultivated CP.Wild CP contains more polyacetylenes and fructose,whereas cultivated CP has higher levels of tangshenosideⅠand sucrose,with noticeably lower cellulose content.These distinctions may be related to their growth conditions,growth years and cultivation techniques.Based on the results of this study,it is recommended to increase polyacetylenes and the content ratio of fructose to sucrose as an indicators to characterize different production methods of CP,in order to guide the high-quality production of CP.