制度化政治的“边界失守”:论美欧民粹政党与社会运动的联动关系

The“Boundary Fall”of Institutional Politics:On the Linkage be tween Populist Parties and Social Movements in the U.S.and Europe

民粹主义是一种平民导向的政治思潮,民粹政党与社会运动的联动在美欧国家普遍存在。代表性危机导致西方治理赤字累加,加之身份政治等矛盾现象急速发展,使制度化政治出现“边界失守”现象,这构成了美欧国家当前诸多难题的根源。作为一种特殊的社会性解决思路,民粹政党试图通过与社会运动的联动来响应未被代表的群体,弥合代表性危机。实证研究表明,民粹政党与社会运动在人力资源、机会资源、领袖资源、沟通资源和场域资源等五个关键领域出现部分重叠,推动了工具共享、功能共备,以及观念共鸣。民粹政党与社会运动通过施动要素的紧密联动来维系生存、推进目标,对美欧主流建制派发起冲击。然而,二者的联动使民粹政党不断吸纳社会运动的激进风格,行事更加极端。社会运动也加速向“伪运动”方向发展,成为体制的附庸。民粹政党与社会运动的联动不仅不能解决新自由主义时代的危局,反而对民主制度和地区稳定构成严重破坏,使美欧国家的内部矛盾不断深化。

Populism is a mass-oriented political trend,and the linkage between populist political parties and social movements is common in the United States and Europe.The crisis of representation has led to the governance deficits in the West,coupled with the rapid development of identity politics and other contradictory phenomena,as well as the phenomenon of"boundary fall"in institutional politics,which constitutes the root cause of many of the current problems in the United States and Europe.As a special kind of social solution,populist political parties try to respond to the unrepresented groups and bridge the crisis of representation by linking up with social movements.Empirical studies show that populist parties and social movements partially overlap in five key areas:human resources,opportunity resources,leadership resources,communication resources and field resources,which promote the sharing of tools,functions and concepts.Populist parties and social movements have been able to maintain their survival and advance their goals through the close linkage of their mobilizing elements,and have launched an attack on the mainstream establishment in the U.S.and Europe.However,the linkage between the two has led populist parties to adopt the radical style of social movements and become more extreme,while social movements have been developing towards"pseudo-movements"and becoming subordinate to the establishment.The linkage between populist parties and social movements has not only failed to resolve the crisis of the neoliberalism,but has also caused serious damage to the democratic system and regional stability,and has deepened the internal contradictions in western world.