超大型城市虚拟电厂的数字孪生框架设计及实践

Digital Twin Framework Design of Virtual Power Plant and Its Application Prospect in Mega-cities

超大型城市能源系统汇集了多种分布式能源资源(distributed energy resources,DER),包括具备不确定性的新能源发电单元(如光伏、风机),具备可调性的柔性用能单元(如空调、蓄冷)以及兼具充放功能的能源产消者(如电动汽车、储能),虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)已成为重塑上述DER生态关系并对其进行协同管控的有效途径。该文梳理了当前城市级VPP建设的目标与现状,明确了超大型城市VPP工程所面临的挑战,即对于由海量DER所诱发的多主体多目标高不确定性场景缺乏系统性的建模、仿真、推演、分析、决策与校核手段。为应对上述挑战,该文结合城市电网数字化整体架构与建设进程,提出了超大型城市VPP数字孪生技术框架,继而得以对城市能源系统的态势轨迹进行系统性地推演与分析;进一步,聚焦智能决策目标,探究了框架下的技术路径、关键技术、理论工具等。该框架已经助力临港新片区VPP工程示范落地,为城市级VPP建设提供参考。最后,展望了超大型城市下数字孪生VPP的研究方向与应用前景。

The energy system of mega-cities encompasses various heterogeneous distributed energy resource units(DERs),including uncertain new distributed generation units(e.g.,photovoltaic,wind turbines),flexible demand-side units(e.g.,air conditioning,thermal energy storage),and energy prosumer(e.g.,electric vehicles,energy storage systems).Virtual Power Plant(VPP)has emerged as an effective aggregation to reshape the energy ecosystem of mega-cities and comprehensively manage those DERs.This paper begins by addressing the construction goals and development status of VPP in mega-cities.It points out the challenges current VPP projects face in dealing with multi-agent,multi-objective,and high-uncertain scenarios.Systematic solutions are lacking,including modeling,simulation,deduction,analysis,decision-making,and validation procedures.To address this challenge,this paper combines the overall digital architecture and construction progress of urban power grids,proposing a framework for the digital twin of VPP(VPP-DT).The VPP-DT framework uses virtual spaces to simulate and analyze various developmental pathways for energy systems.Furthermore,focusing on intelligent decision-making goals,we explore its technical pathways,key technologies,mathematical tools,and more within the framework.The framework has helped the implementation of the VPP project demonstration in Lingang’s new area,which provides a reference for the construction of VPP at the city level.Finally,this paper looks forward to the research direction and application prospect of digital twin VPP under megacities.