刘宗周“证人”之学思想蕴理研究

A Study of the Ideological Implications of Liu Zongzhou’s Zhengren Theory

刘宗周是明清易代之际的理学硕儒,在观程朱理学日渐保守迂阔,识阳明后学流于禅的异变后,他承继发越前儒学术之成,建构了以“心性”为提挈,以“慎独诚意”为宗旨的“证人”之学。“证人”之学的精神实质是“证心”,即为慎独,他首创“独体”为最高本体,将“意”训为心之所存,实现了宋明理学道德本体之重构,在工夫论方面亦有所创新,主张“慎”“诚”为工夫入手处,并强调于真切笃实处加以实证实修。刘宗周“证人”之学,蕴含“化念归心”的自我体察、“迁善改过”的克制防御等学理思想,无不表现出其统合内敛的精神旨趣。

Liu Zongzhou was a great scholar of Confucianism at the time of the change of dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.After observing that the“Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism”was becoming more and more conservative and pedantic,and recognizing that the change of Yangming’s later studies flowed into Zen,he inherited and surpassed the academic achievements of the former Confucianists and constructed a“Zhengren”theory with the“Theory of Mind-Nature”as the guide and“Shendu Chengyi”as the aim.The spiritual essence of the“Zhengren”theory is Zhengxin,that is“Shendu”,and he created“Duti”as the highest real thing,and trained“Yi”as the existence of the mind,realizing the reconstruction of the moral noumenon of the“Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism”.He also innovated in the“Gongfu Theory”,advocating“Shen”and“Cheng”as the practice of the“Gongfu”,and stressed that it should be verified and cultivated in a true and sincere place.The study of Liu Zongzhou’s Zhengren theory contains the self-observation of“Huanian Guixin”,the restraint and defense of“Qianshan Gaiguo”and so on.