自下而上构建人工细胞及其生物医学应用

Bottom-up Construction of Artificial Cells and Their Biomedical Applications

构建具有特定细胞模拟功能的人工细胞有助于探索天然生物细胞系统中复杂的生物反应过程和细胞功能,并为深入了解生命起源提供便利。对于人工细胞的构建方法而言,无论是基于自上而下的原则,还是基于自下而上的原则,在过去的几十年里,都取得了很大进展,并得到广泛应用。基于人工细胞构建策略的不同,人工细胞可分为“自上而下”的人工细胞和“自下而上”的人工细胞。自下而上的合成生物学是一个新兴的互补学科,它寻求从天然或合成成分中构建人工细胞。自下而上的合成生物学的目标之一是构建或模拟天然生物细胞中存在的复杂路径。人工细胞来源于脂质、聚合物、脂质/聚合物杂化体、天然细胞膜、金属有机框架和凝聚体等。真实细胞内各种物质如蛋白质、基因、线粒体等可以结合在人工细胞表面或包裹在人工细胞内部,从而使人工细胞被赋予各种功能。此外,人工细胞不仅可作为载药系统及信息交流载体,还可代替功能受损的细胞,恢复机体的正常运转。首先,介绍基于自下而上策略构建人工细胞的方法和分类;其次,讨论人工细胞的多种应用;最后,对人工细胞的未来发展前景进行展望。

The construction of artificial cells with specific cell mimic functions helps to explore the complex 31biological reaction processes and cellular functions in natural biological cell systems,and provides convenience for the in-depth understanding of the origin of life.Artificial cells construction method,based on the top-down and bottom-up principle,in the past few decades have made great progress and extensive application.Build strategy based on artificial cells,human cells can be divided into“top-down”artificial cells and“bottom-up”cells.Bottom-up complementary branch of synthetic biology is a new,it sought from natural or synthetic ingredients to build artificial cells.One of the goals of bottom-up synthetic biology is to construct or mimic the complex pathways present in the cells of natural organisms.Artificial cells derived from lipids,polymer,lipid/polymer hybrid body,natural cell membrane,metal-organic frameworks and condensed matter and so on.Various substances such as proteins,genes,mitochondria,etc.in real cells can be combined on the surface of artificial cells or wrapped inside artificial cells,thus endowing artificial cells with various functions.Moreover,artificial cells can be used as a drug delivery system and a carrier of information exchange.In addition,artificial cells can also replace the impaired cells to restore the normal operation of the body.Here,first introduced the method based on bottom-up strategy to build artificial cells and classification.Then the various applications of artificial cells are discussed.Finally,the future development of artificial cells is prospected.