权力概念的法学巡礼

A Historical Research to the Concept of Legal Power

权力的内涵大体经历了从宽泛的“能力说”“影响力说”到确切的“强制意志说”和“不平等关系说”的演进。西方法学中的“权力”概念长期依附于“权利”概念,有着多方面的原因。康德、边沁和奥斯丁的权力观,在继承罗马法关于权力是支配性力量的基础上,第一次认识到“权力”有别于“权利”。萨尔蒙德和霍菲尔德对法律权力概念的精细分析,偏重于区分私法中的“权力”和“权利”,与偏重公法权力的洛克、孟德斯鸠遥相呼应。其后弗里德曼等人通过深化与勾连私法权力和公法权力的理论,使“权力”概念更具法学意味和整体感。中国、日本等东方国家的“权力”观念与西方有所不同,但无论西方还是东方,“权力”概念在法学领域迄今尚未获得独立范畴的地位。

The connotation of power undergone an evolution from the general “ability ” and “influence ” to the strict “coercive will ” and “unequal relationship ”.There are some reasons why the concept of “power” in Western jurisprudence has long been attached to “right”.Immanuel Kant,Jeremy Bentham,and Austin John,on the basis of inheriting Roman law's view of power as the dominant force,recognized for the first time that “power” is different from “right”.Salmond and Hohfeld's detailed analysis of the concept of legal power focused on distinguishing between “power” and “right” in private law,which echoed Locke and Montesquieu,who emphasized the power of public law.Subsequently,Friedman et al.deepened and linked the theories of private law power and public law power to make the concept of “power” more legal and holistic.The concept of “power” in China,Japan and other Eastern countries is different,but it has not yet gained the status of an independent category in the field of jurisprudence,whether in the West or the East.