数据权利初始配置的法理基础与制度构建

Jurisprudential Foundation and Institutional Framework for the Initial Configuration of Data Rights

数据权利初始配置的主要争议点是原始数据归属于数据来源者还是数据生产者,难点是明确个人信息主体权益和数据权利之间的界限。数据的本质特征是数据处理者基于信号对数据源的感知,属于认识论的范畴。虽然物理形态的数据不具有竞争性,但是数据利用的结果具有竞争性。为防止市场失灵,法律应当在数据上配置所有权。依循分类确权的进路,以数据产生的实质性贡献为标准,原始数据应归属于数据生产者,衍生数据应归属于数据加工者。数据权利的客体应限定在非创新性的数据,具有创新性或者创造性的数据应纳入知识产权范畴予以保护。数据权利客体的范围不以集合数据为限,单条数据也可以配置数据权利。数据权利的权能包括权利人占有(控制)、使用、收益和处分数据。基于分配正义原则,应当赋予数据来源者针对原始数据收益的利益分配请求权。

The main contention in the initial configuration of data rights is whether the original data belongs to the data source or the data producer,and the difficulty lies in the clarification of the boundary between the rights and interests of personal information subjects and data rights.The essential characteristics of data stem from the data processor's perception of the data source based on the signal,which falls within the domain of epistemology.Although the data in physical form is not competitive,the results of data utilization are competitive.To prevent market failures,the law should assign ownership rights to data.In accordance with the approach of categorization and right confirmation,the substantive contribution of the data is taken as the standard.The original data belongs to the data producer,and the derivative data belongs to the data processor.The object of data rights should be limited to non-innovative data,and data with innovative or inventive creativity should be included in the scope of intellectual property rights.The scope of the object of data rights is not limited to the aggregate data,but also can be configured for a single piece of data.The power of data rights includes the right holder's ability to possess(control),use,benefit and dispose of data.Based on the principle of distributive justice,the right to request the distribution of benefits from original data should be allocated to the data source.