自然声景对注意力、短期记忆力的影响机制

Influencing Mechanism of Natural Soundscapes on Attention and Short-term Memory

自然声景具有恢复性特征,对人类的情绪和认知产生复杂影响,是人与自然互动关系的重要内容。基于“压力输入-声景感知-认知测试”的技术路径,采用对照试验法(将自然声景组作为试验组、城市噪音组作为对照组),探究海浪声、溪流声、鸟鸣声、蛙声等自然声景如何影响大学生的注意力和短期记忆力,构建“自然声景-认知能力”影响机制。结果表明:1)注意力方面,自然声景对冲突作用的恢复最具积极性,对警觉作用、定向作用的恢复有较大局限性。2)短期记忆力方面,自然声景可以促进短期记忆力的恢复;与对照组城市噪音(10.17)相比,蛙声(11.30)的记忆广度最大,其次是雨声(10.70)、鸟鸣声(10.60)。3)声学特征方面,尖锐度与注意力的警觉作用和冲突作用具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。综上可知,自然声景对注意力、短期记忆力都具有恢复性,情绪和个人经历是影响城市噪音对认知能力恢复的重要主观因素。

Natural soundscapes are restorative in nature and have a complex impact on human emotions and cognition,which is an important part of the interaction between humans and nature.Based on the technical route of“pressure input-soundscape perception-cognitive testing”,we investigate how natural soundscapes,such as the sound of waves,streams,birdsong,frogs,etc.,affect college students'attention and short-term memory,and construct an influencing mechanism of“natural soundscape-cognitive capacity”using controlled experiment method which takes nature soundscape as the experiment group while urban noises as the control.The results show that:1)In terms of attention,natural soundscape has the most positive effect on the recovery from conflicts,but limited effect on the restoration of alertness and orientation;2)in terms of short-term memory,natural soundscape and promote the restoration of short-term memory,and the sound of frogs(11.30)has the broadest range of memory compared with the urban noises(10.17),followed by the sound of rain(10.70)and the sound of birds(10.60);and 3)Regarding acoustic features,sharpness has a significant correlation(P<0.05)with the alertness and conflicts of attention.In conclusion,natural soundscape is restorative to attention and short-term memory,and emotion and personal experience are important subjective factors influencing the restoration of cognitive capacity in the context of urban noise.