柏拉图《理想国》三种政治模式的争论

The Debate on Three Political Models in Plato's The Republic

随着雅典传统的民主政治的衰败,民主政治陷入了意见的统治。苏格拉底以哲学对话来改善公民意见,使之提升为真理,试图回复民主政治的本真状态,但哲学与政治的深渊造成了苏格拉底之死。以哲学与政治的二元对立为前提,柏拉图完全倒向了哲学,以医学隐喻为范型,将“哲人王”看作为灵魂的医生,其对民众的统治是以城邦整体利益为旨归的真理的统治;忒拉绪马霍斯则完全倒向了政治,以现实政治为参照,引入了以强力为基础的牧羊人式统治,是为了统治者自身利益而实施的专制统治。后起的亚里士多德以实践智慧来重建民主政治,在一定程度上综合了哲学与政治。因而,自我统治、真理的统治与强力的统治,是《理想国》相互争论的三种政治模式,也奠定了后世政治模式的基础。

With the decline of traditional Athenian democracy,democracy fell into the rule of opinion.Socrates tried to restore democracy to its true state by using philosophical dialogue to improve citizens'opinions and elevate them to truth,but the abyss of philosophy and politics led to Socrates'death.On the premise of the binary opposition between philosophy and politics,Plato completely turned to philosophy.Plato takes the medical metaphor as the model,and regards the philosopher king as the doctor of the soul,whose rule over the people is the reign of truth for the whole interest of the city.Thrasymachus turned to politics completely,took real politics as a reference,and introduced the shepherd rule based on force,which was autocratic for the interests of the rulers themselves.Later Aristotle reconstructed democratic politics with practical wisdom,integrating philosophy and politics to some extent.Therefore,the self-rule,the reign of truth and the rule of force are the three political models debated in The Republic,which also laid the foundation of the political model of the later generations.