东京奥运会国家步枪射击运动员体能训练实证研究

An Empirical Study on Strength and Conditioning Training of National Rifle Shooters Preparing for Tokyo Olympic Games

目的:对东京奥运会我国步枪射击运动员基础体能和专项体能数据进行系统梳理和深度挖掘,总结和提炼体能训练备战策略,以期为我国高水平步枪射击运动员体能训练向着专业化、精细化和精准化方向高质量发展提供参考。方法:通过专家访谈和问卷调查形成步枪射击运动员专项体能测试指标;对运动员10项基础体能指标和4项专项体能指标进行测试,并根据前测结果制订16周集训计划;通过独立样本T检验和配对样本T检验对训练效果进行组间和组内差异性检验;采用曲线回归探索基础体能和专项成绩间的关系。结果:1)东京奥运会入选队员和未入选队员基础体能整体无显著性差异;2)东京奥运会获奖运动员各项基础体能测试数据互有高低,呈现出明显的个性化特征;3)步枪射击运动员基础体能(X)和专项成绩(Y)之间呈倒U形关系,二次曲线回归方程Y=0.331+-0.14*X+-0.038*X2,校正R2=0.27;4)集训后组内比较发现男女子运动员各专项体能测试指标均非常显著性的高于训练前。结论:1)步枪射击运动员基础体能与专项成绩或呈“倒U形”关系;2)步枪射击运动员专项体能水平满足项目特征需求后,专项体能水平的高低不再是影响其专项成绩的关键因素,而不同专项体能间发展的均衡程度或成为影响专项成绩的关键因素;3)步枪射击运动员专项体能训练策略应重点考虑核心力量耐力、下肢力量耐力、有氧能力和平衡能力4个方面。

Objective:To systematically sort and deeply explore the basic and specific physical fitness data of Chinese national rifle shooting athletes in the Tokyo Olympics,summarize and refine physical training strategies for preparation,aiming to provide reference for the high-quality development of specialized,refined,and precise physical training for high-level rifle shooting athletes in China.Methods:Special physical fitness testing indicators for rifle shooting athletes were formed through expert interviews and questionnaires.Ten basic physical fitness indicators and four specific physical fitness indicators of athletes were tested,and a 16-week training plan was formulated based on the pre-test results.Independent samples t-tests and paired samples t-tests were conducted to examine inter-group and intra-group differences in training effects.Curve regression was used to explore the relationship between basic physical fitness and specific performance.Results:1)There was no significant difference in overall basic physical fitness between selected and non-selected athletes for the Tokyo Olympics;2)Award-winning athletes in the Tokyo Olympics showed varying levels in different basic physical fitness tests,demonstrating distinct individual characteristics;3)A quadratic curve regression equation was found between basic physical fitness(X)and specialized scores(Y)of rifle shooting athletes,with the equation Y=0.331+-0.14*X+-0.038*X2 and adjusted R2=0.27;4)After training,male and female athletes showed significantly higher results in various specialized fitness test indicators compared to before training.Conclusions:1)There's an"inverted U-shaped"relationship between the basic physical fitness of rifle shooting athletes and their specialized scores;2)Once the specialized fitness level of rifle shooting athletes meets the requirements of the discipline,the level of specialized fitness is no longer a key factor affecting their specialized scores;instead,the balance of development between different specialized fitness aspects becomes a key factor;3)The specialized fitness training strategy for rifle shooting athletes should focus on four aspects:core strength endurance,lower limb strength endurance,aerobic capacity,and balance.