祁连山国家公园青海祁连县片区雪豹及其同域鸟兽分布监测

Camera⁃trapping survey on the snow leopards and their sympatric mammals and birds in the Qilian Coun⁃ty,Qilian Mountain National Park

物种编目是生物多样性研究和保护的基础,长期开展野生动物多样性监测、提供物种分布影像资料佐证对于更新本底物种编目至关重要。祁连山国家公园青海祁连县片区自东向西差异明显的自然生态系统孕育了诸多野生动物类群。2017年9月至2021年12月,为了调查该片区内雪豹(Panthera uncia)及同域分布物种本底数据,在雪豹适宜生境选取187个位点利用红外相机开展野生动物监测。调查期间,累积获得44946个有效相机工作日,收集独立有效照片14330张(含雪豹466张),共鉴定出野生动物78种,其中兽类5目12科27种,鸟类7目18科51种。记录到国家I级重点保护野生动物9种,包含雪豹、荒漠猫(Felis bieti)、白唇鹿(Cervus albirostris)、马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)、藏野驴(Equus kiang)、胡兀鹫(Gypaetus barbatus)、秃鹫(Aegypius monachus)、金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)和红喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus);国家II级重点保护野生动物20种;“三有”动物40种。被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的野生动物1种,易危(VU)3种,近危(NT)5种;被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》评估为极危(CR)、濒危、易危和近危的分别有3、5、7和17种。相对多度指数(RAI)排名前5位的兽类依次是岩羊(Pseudois nayaur,RAI=128.18)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana,RAI=50.17)、赤狐(Vulpes vulpes,RAI=11.30)、灰尾兔(Lepus oiostolus,RAI=10.72)和雪豹(RAI=10.37);RAI排名前5位的鸟类依次为赭红尾鸲(Phoenicurus ochruros,RAI=8.30)、藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus,RAI=5.18)、红嘴山鸦(Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax,RAI=3.87)、棕颈雪雀(Pyrgilauda ruficollis,RAI=4.32)和喜鹊(Pica pica,RAI=3.65)。本次在祁连县境内监测到的斯氏高山鼠平(Alticola stoliczkanus)、藏雪雀(Montifringilla henrici)和黄腰柳莺(Phylloscopus proregulus)为祁连山地区新记录物种。此外,红外相机还监测到较多的放牧活动(RAI=56.09)。本研究为祁连山国家公园区域物种编目以及制定野生动物保护与管理政策提供了数据支持。

Species inventories are the fundamental basis for biodiversity research and conservation.Long-term monitoring of wildlife diversity and photographic evidence of the species are essential for updating the inventory.The Qilian County sector of Qilian Mountain National Park exhibits distinct variances in natural ecosystems from east to west,providing diverse habitats for wildlife communities.In the present study,a total of 187 infrared cameras were strategically placed at sites with spoors of snow leopard(Panthera uncia)or other sympatric wildlife within 5 km×5 km grids.From September 2017 to December 2021,44946 valid camera-days were accumulated,and 14330 independent and valid photographs were captured,including 466 snow leopard photographs.Utilizing this comprehensive dataset,a total of 78 distinct species were identified,including 27 mammalian species from five orders and 12 families,and 51 avian species from seven orders and 18 families.Nine species are designated as first-class protected species under China’s conservation legislation,while 20 are categorized as second-class protected species.Furthermore,40 of the identified species were listed in the catalog of species with significant ecological,scientific,and societal value.In accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List assessments,one species is classified as endangered(EN),three as vulnerable(VU),and five as near threatened(NT).Similarly,China’s Vertebrate Red List identified three critically endangered(CR)species,five endangered species,several vulnerable,and 17 near threatened species.Relative abundance index(RAI)analysis demonstrated that the most prevalent mammalian species in this region were blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur,RAI=128.18),Himalayan marmot(Marmota himalayana,RAI=50.17),red fox(Vulpes vulpes,RAI=11.30),woolly hare(Lepus oiostolus,RAI=10.72),and snow leopard(RAI=10.37).For avian fauna,the top-ranking species based on RAIs were black redstart(Phoenicurus ochruros,RAI=8.30),Tibetan snowfinch(Tetraogallus tibetanus,RAI=5.18),red-billed chough(Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax,RAI=3.87),rufous-necked snowfinch(Pyrgilauda ruficollis,RAI=4.32),and common magpie(Pica pica,RAI=3.65).We recorded three newly distributed species in the Qilian Mountains,including stoliczka’s mountain vole(Alticola stoliczkanus),Tibetan snowfinch(Montifringilla henrici)and Pallas’s leaf warbler(phylloscopus proregulus).Additionally,infrared cameras frequently captured evidence of livestock and human activities in the area(RAI=56.09).These findings provide data support for both regional biodiversity inventories and effective wildlife protection strategies within the Qilian Mountain National Park.