考试全球蔓延的理论批判

Theoretical Criticism of the Global Spread of Examinations

随着经济全球化进程的加剧及科技人才竞争的更新迭代,考试成为一种带有工业化高效率色彩的评估、监测与治理工具。以国际学生评估项目(PISA)为代表的全球性测试的兴起,推动考试在全球教育体系中呈现蔓延发展之势。从国际经验来看,学术界不断有对考试的批判与反思,指出考试被过度运用会引发三方面负面效应。在个人自由层面,“考试统治”造成的“为应试而教”限制教师的教学自由和学生的学习自由,使学校沦为分类机器。在社会民主层面,考试演变成制造社会精英的合法文化,使权力集中于“少数派”实现精英统治,形成“精英”知识为精英集团服务。在社会公平层面,考试推动教育公平的程度有限,注重考试成绩的教育政策扩大学业成就差距,造就“开放而不平等”的社会悖论。

With the intensification of the process of economic globalization and the renewal and iteration of the competition of scientific and technological talents,the examination has become a kind of evaluation,monitoring and management tool with the color of industrialization and high efficiency.The rise of global examinations such as PISA has driven the spread of examinations in the global education system.From the perspective of international experience,the excessive use of examinations will lead to three negative effects.At the level of individual freedom,"teaching to the test"'caused by the"examination rule"restricts teachers'freedom of teaching and students'freedom of learning,making schools into sorting machines.At the level of social democracy,the examination has evolved into the legitimate culture of creating social elites,concentrating power in the"minority"to achieve elite rule,and forming"elite"knowledge to serve the elite group.At the level of social equity,the extent to which tests promote educational fairness is limited,and educational policies that focus on test scores widen the academic achievement gap,creating the social paradox of"open but unequal".