胡塞尔与马克思历史本质观点比较研究

A Comparative Study of Husserl's and Marx's Ideas on the Nature of History

历史本质既是理解历史哲学理论的源发性支点,又是比对不同历史思想根本差异的透视性基点。胡塞尔与马克思的历史本质观点是丰富而深刻的,前者专注于意识还原的普遍认识论构建,以洞察历史与精神的统一性;后者则切入现实经济领域,致力于揭发人类历史发展的矛盾规律。两者的历史本质观点具有三方面差异,能够概括为内涵方面超验性与现实性的差异,生发逻辑方面意向性与辩证性的差异,构建意图方面严谨性与实践性的差异。基于比较视角,在现实领域马克思对历史本质的把握具有胡塞尔现象学无可比拟的超越性。在理论层面,了解胡塞尔历史哲学存在现实领域空洞并对两者进行比较,既有助于进一步明确历史唯物主义的实践精髓,又有利于拓宽我们处理感性现实与抽象观念关系的历史思维。

The essence of history is both the originating fulcrum for understanding the philosophical theory of history and the perspective base for comparing the fundamental differences between different historical thoughts.Husserl's and Marx's views on the nature of history are rich and profound,with the former focusing on the universal epistemological construction of the reduction of consciousness in order to gain insight into the unity of history and spirituality,while the latter cuts into the realm of the economy and devotes itself to unveiling the contradictory laws of the historical development of mankind.The differences between the two views on the nature of history is threefold,which can be summarized as the difference between transcendence and reality in terms of connotation,the difference between intentionality and dialectic in terms of the logic of generation,and the difference between rigour and practice in terms of the intention of construction.From a comparative perspective,in the realm of reality Marx's grasp of the essence of history has the incomparable transcendence of Husserl's phenomenology.At a theoretical level,understanding this gap between Husserl's philosophy of history in the realm of reality and comparing the two will not only help to further clarify the practical essence of historical materialism,but also help to broaden our historical thinking in dealing with the relationship between perceptual reality and abstract ideas.