Lactobacillus melliventris promotes hive productivity and immune functionality in Bombus terrestris performance in the greenhouse

Bumblebees are important pollinators in agricultural ecosystems,but their abundance is declining globally.There is an urgent need to protect bumblebee health and their pollination services.Bumblebees possess specialized gut microbiota with potential to be used as probiotics to help defend at-risk bumblebee populations.However,evidence for probiotic benefits on bumblebees is lacking.Here,we evaluated how supplementation with Lactobacillus melliventris isolated from bumblebee gut affected the colony development of Bombus terrestris.This native strain colonized robustly and persisted long-term in bumblebees,leading to a significantly higher quality of offspring.Subsequently,the tyrosine pathway was upregulated in the brain and fat body,while the Wnt and mTOR pathways of the gut were downregulated.Notably,the field experiment in the greenhouse revealed the supplementation of L.melliventris led to a 2.5-fold increase in the bumblebee survival rate and a more than 10%increase in the number of flowers visited,indicating a better health condition and pollination ability in field conditions.Our study represents a first screening for the potential use of the native gut member,L.melliventris,as probiotic strains in hive supplement for bumblebee breeding,which may be a practical approach to improve immunity and hive health.