新时期我国生物多样性法制建设思考

Reflections on biodiversity legislation in China’s new era

中国是生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,近年在生物多样性保护上取得了重要进展,在国际上引领达成《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》,但国内生物多样性法制建设却略显滞后。国家从生物多样性的资源属性和经济价值出发,以保护为主要目的,兼顾资源合理利用,发布实施《森林法》《野生动物保护法》《种子法》等基本涵盖生态系统、物种和遗传多样性的法律法规,初步建立生物多样性法制体系。但现行生物多样性相关法律法规的立法理念滞后,立法系统性不强,关键制度组成不健全,与人与自然和谐共生的现代化建设需求极不相称。当前,国家已经启动生态环境法典立法工作,应当以此为契机,采用人与自然和谐共生的地球生命共同体理念,制订全面、完整覆盖生态系统、物种和遗传多样性三个层次并且能够保障实现生物多样性保护、持续利用和惠益分享三个目标的新时期生物多样性制度体系,建立健全立法结构科学合理、制度组成完整、系统的生物多样性法制体系,保障我国持续引领生物多样性国际治理。

Background:China boasts abundant biodiversity,positioning it among the world’s most biologically diverse nations.Despite notable strides in biodiversity conservation at both national and international levels,evidenced by China’s leadership in advancing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework,domestic biodiversity legislation has conspicuously lagged behind these advancements over the past decade.Review results:The State has issued a series of laws and regulations,including the Forest Law,the Wild Animal Protection Law,and the Seed Law,addressing various aspects of biodiversity,encompassing ecosystems,species,and genetic diversity.These laws primarily aim at conservation while considering the rational utilization of resources,thereby laying the groundwork for a preliminary legal framework for biodiversity management.However,despite these efforts,the existing biodiversity-related legislation remains significantly inadequate in meeting the requirements of modernization for fostering harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.This inadequacy is attributed to outdated legislative concepts,insufficient systematic legislation,and the incomplete composition of key legal systems.Recommendations:In light of the forthcoming Ecological Environment Code,the State should endeavor to establish a comprehensive legal framework for biodiversity in this forthcoming Code that encompasses all three levels of biodiversity:ecosystems,species,and genetic diversity.This legal system should fully ensure the achievement of all the objectives of biodiversity conservation,sustainable use of its components,and equitable benefit-sharing in a balanced manner.To achieve this,a scientifically grounded and logically structured legislative framework with comprehensive and systematic institutional components is imperative.Embracing the concept of the earth’s life community and the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,China must strive to lead global biodiversity governance.