中国生物多样性保护政策演进、主要措施与发展趋势

Biodiversity conservation in China:Policy evolution,main measures and development trends

生物多样性保护是事关我国生态安全和生态文明建设的战略问题,也是一项功在千秋、实现可持续发展目标的公益性事业。本文首先重点回顾了中国生物多样性保护政策的演进过程,并指出生物多样性保护政策大致经历了起步、快速发展及深入完善3个阶段;其次,对生物多样性保护采取的主要措施进行梳理和归纳,将相关措施划分为直接保护、防治防控、可持续利用3个方面;然后,归纳总结生物多样性保护的发展趋势,指出为更好地推进生物多样性保护政策体系建设,全面提升生物多样性保护水平,生物多样性保护需要与国土空间规划、信息技术发展、国家战略制定相契合。最后,结合生物多样性保护的发展趋势,提出完善生物多样性保护空间网络、构建高效的生物多样性保护信息化体系、丰富生物多样性保护手段的优化建议,以实现人与自然和谐共生的远景目标。

Background&Aims:Biodiversity conservation stands as a critical imperative for China’s ecological security and the advancement of an ecological civilization.It also represents a vital public welfare endeavor crucial for fostering sustainable development.Despite significant efforts,China’s biodiversity conservation efforts continue to confront substantial challenges,including habitat fragmentation,declining habitat quality,and the proliferation of invasive species.Existing biodiversity conservation policies have thus far fallen short of effectively reversing the overarching trend of biodiversity loss.In light of these challenges,this paper seeks to explore the visionary objectives of biodiversity conservation in China.It analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of China’s biodiversity conservation policies,highlights key measures implemented,and outlines the development trend of biodiversity conservation development in the country.Policy evolution:To reconcile the delicate balance between conservation and development imperatives,the state has implemented a diverse array of plans,strategies,notifications,and measures.Beginning with the protection of individual species,China has progressively expanded and refined the scope,objectives,and strategies of biodiversity conservation,gradually crafting a comprehensive policy framework for biodiversity conservation.Reflecting the evolving focus on conservation targets,China’s biodiversity protection has transitioned from single-species protection and classification-based approaches to a more holistic and integrated conservation paradigm.Furthermore,biodiversity conservation efforts have been systematically integrated into various national plans,facilitating comprehensive protection across diverse ecosystems and species.Consequently,China’s biodiversity conservation journey can be delineated into three distinct stages:the nascent phase(pre-1994),the rapid development stage(1994‒2010),and the ongoing in-depth improvement stage(2010‒present).Main measures:In general,China has implemented a variety of conservation and restoration measures,resulting in notable successes across multiple fronts.These measures can be broadly characterized as direct protection,prevention and control,and sustainable use.Initially,biodiversity conservation efforts primarily focused on direct protection measures.However,over time,there has been a discernable shift towards a more comprehensive approach,encompassing a combination of direct conservation strategies,prevention,control measures,and sustainable utilization practices.Development trends:To advance the establishment of a robust biodiversity conservation policy framework and elevate the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation efforts,it is imperative to achieve alignment,or the“three fits”,between biodiversity conservation and territorial spatial planning,the advancement of information technology,and the formulation of national strategies.By ensuring coherence and synergy,it is envisaged that this approach will facilitate the attainment of biodiversity conservation objectives and realize the vision of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature by 2050.