中国居民体育锻炼城乡差异的内在机制与变化趋势(2010—2021)

The Internal Mechanisms and Changing Trends of Urban-Rural Differences in physical Exercise Among Chinese Residents(2010—2021)

我国居民体育锻炼的城乡差异持续存在、不可忽视。体育参与的城乡融合发展是建设体育强国的必由之路,也是高质量发展的应有之义。研究聚焦中国特色社会主义新时代十余年来的城乡体育锻炼,使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010-2021)合并数据,运用多元线性回归、边际效应分析、倾向值匹配等量化方法分析我国居民体育锻炼频率的城乡差异与变迁趋势,比较经济地位、文化资本、社会资本和数字赋能4种机制对城乡居民体育锻炼频率的作用及其演变,分析发现:1)十余年间我国居民体育锻炼频率整体上显著提升,但仍然存在城乡差异。2)在控制个体因素后,体育锻炼频率的城乡净差异持续缩小。3)4种机制对体育锻炼的作用显著且存在城乡差异。对于农村居民,社会资本和文化资本的体育锻炼促进作用不断增强,数字赋能作用减弱;对于城市居民,社会资本的作用减弱而数字赋能的作用增强。研究结果既证明了全民健身和乡村振兴等相关政策举措成效显著,也要求在未来的政策实践中更加关注城乡社会背景与体育文化差异,增强农村体育锻炼促进措施的针对性,以实现覆盖城乡、全民共享的中国式现代化体育强国。

The urban-rural gap in physical exercise among Chinese residents continues to exist and cannot be ignored.The balanced and integrated development of sports participation in urban and rural areas is not only an inevitable path to building a leading sports nation,but also an inherent requirement for high-quality development.This study focused on urban and rural physical exercise over the past ten years in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Using the combined data from Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS2010-2021),the study analyzed the urban-rural differences and changing trends in the frequency of physical exercise among Chinese residents by using quantitative methods such as multiple linear regression,marginal effect analysis and propensity value matching.By comparing the effects and evolution of four mechanisms—economic status,cultural capital,social capital,and digital empowerment—on the frequency of physical exercise among urban and rural residents,the study found that:(1)The frequency of physical exercise among Chinese residents has increased sig⁃nificantly over the past ten years,but there is still a gap between urban and rural residents.(2)After controlling for individual factors,the net gap between urban and rural areas in the frequency of physical exercise has contin⁃ued to narrow.(3)The four mechanisms have significant effects on physical exercise and have urban-rural differ⁃ences.For rural residents,the role of social capital and cultural capital in promoting physical exercise has been increasing,while the role of digital empowerment has been weakening.For urban residents,the role of social capi⁃tal has decreased,and the role of digital empowerment has increased.The convergence of trends and difference of mechanisms not only demonstrate the the significant effectiveness of relevant policies and measures such as nation⁃wide fitness and rural revitalization,but also call for more attention to be paid to the differences between urban and rural social backgrounds and sports culture in future policy practices.It is necessary to enhance the pertinence of measures to promote rural physical exercise,and to build a Chinese-style modern sports leading nation covering both urban and rural areas and is shared by all people.