论数据持有权人信义义务

On the Fiduciary Obligations of Data Holders

数字经济时代,数据主体之间差异性导致隐私侵害、数据垄断等数据权力异化问题,单边的数据赋权保护理论难以解决现实困境。在数据价值链中,数据持有权人凭借过度扩张的数据权力,与来源者、使用者长期处于不对等的权力关系之中,数据双层信义关系应当被确认。数据的赋权主义保护模式应迈向信义义务的受托人行为规制模式,以义务制约数据权力的无限扩张。数据持有权是数据新型财产权制度的基础性权利,是随数据形态变化而不同的有限排他性权利,数据持有权的内涵在于强调与保护数据使用权。因此,对持有权人施加面向来源者的个人数据保护义务及面向使用者的数据竞争性义务,以赋权与限权的动态模式实现数据各方利益平衡,以开放式数据赋权模式及积极义务规制路径,实现数据保护与公平利用的双核目标。

In the era of digital economy,the differences between data subjects will lead to privacy infringement,data monopoly,and other data power alienation problems.The unidirectional data empowerment protection theory is difficult to solve the practical dilemma.In the data value chain,the data holder,relying on the excessive expansion of data power,is in an unequal power relationship with the source and the user for a long time,and the double-layer trust relationship of data should be confirmed.The empowering protection model of data should move towards the regulatory model of trustee behavior based on fiduciary obligations,with obligations constraining the unlimited expansion of data power.The right to hold data is the fundamental right of the new property rights system for data,which varies with the form of data and is a limited exclusive right.The connotation of the right to hold data is to emphasize and protect the right to use data.Therefore,it is necessary to impose personal data protection obligations towards the source and competitive data obligations towards the user on the data holders,achieve a balance between the interests of all parties of the data with the dynamic model of empowerment and limitation,and regulate the paths by adopting an open data empowerment model and positive obligations,so as to achieve the dual core goals of protection and fair utilization of data.