国际人道法区分原则在外层空间的适用问题研究

Application of the Principle of Distinction under IHL in Outer Space

国际人道法的区分原则可以适用于外空武装冲突。根据区分原则,外空武装冲突中的战斗员是指直接参与外空敌对行动之人。军事目标是指对外空敌对行动有实际贡献,且在当时情况下其全部或部分毁坏、缴获或失去效用能够提供明确的军事利益的外空物体。此外都属于平民和民用物体,不得予以攻击。航天飞行参与者生存所依赖的物体、天体上的某些区域和文物、外空和地球自然环境及用于人道救济的外空物体等,是受特殊保护的物体。为落实区分原则,防御方需对己方人员和物体进行适当的反向区分,攻击方亦需采取可行的预防措施。对交战方实施的违反区分原则的行为,应依法追究国际责任。

The principle of distinction can be applied to armed conflicts in outer space.Under the principle of distinction,combatants refer to armed personnel who directly participate in hostile actions in outer space,and military objects refer to those that have made actual contributions to military operations in outer space and can provide a definite military interest.All other personnel and objects are non-military targets that must not be attacked.Objects on which spaceflight participants depend for their survival,certain areas and cultural relics on celestial bodies,outer space,the natural environment of the earth,and space objects used for humanitarian relief are special protected objects.In order to implement the principle of distinction,the defender needs to effectively differentiate its own personnel and objects,and the attacker also needs to take feasible preventive measures.Violations of the principle of distinction committed shall be subject to international responsibility in accordance with the law.