黑龙江3种野生雌性茴鱼肌肉与卵的营养品质

Nutritional Quality of Muscle and Egg of Three Species of Wild Female Thymallus in Heilongjiang River

【目的】对比分布于黑龙江流域的黑龙江茴鱼(Thymallus grubii)、下游黑龙江茴鱼(Thymallus tugarinae)和贝加尔茴鱼(Thymallus baicalensis)在性成熟时期的肌肉及卵的营养品质。【方法】采集处于卵巢Ⅳ期的3种茴鱼的肌肉与卵,检测其水分、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成等营养指标并进行评价。【结果】3种茴鱼卵常规营养成分含量均高于肌肉,其中卵水分、卵灰分、卵脂肪与卵蛋白质含量均有种间差异(P <0.05),贝加尔茴鱼卵的水分与灰分质量分数最高,下游黑龙江茴鱼卵的粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的质量分数均最高。肌肉脂肪含量有种间差异(P <0.05),以贝加尔茴鱼肌肉的脂肪含量最高、黑龙江茴鱼肌肉粗蛋白质含量最高。下游黑龙江茴鱼肌肉与贝加尔茴鱼卵的必需氨基酸质量分数/氨基酸总质量分数[w(EAA)/w(TAA)]最高,分别为38.39%、39.79%;下游黑龙江茴鱼肌肉和黑龙江茴鱼卵的鲜味氨基酸质量分数/氨基酸总质量分数[w(DAA)/w(TAA)]最高,分别为39.77%、33.44%;黑龙江茴鱼肌肉与下游黑龙江茴鱼卵的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)最高,分别为73.41、100.60。3种茴鱼肌肉与卵的第一限制氨基酸均为色氨酸,第二限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。下游黑龙江茴鱼、贝加尔茴鱼的肌肉检出19种脂肪酸,黑龙江茴鱼肌肉仅检出16种脂肪酸,3种卵中均检出16种脂肪酸;其中,肌肉营养成分中下游黑龙江茴鱼的脂肪酸配比更为理想,在卵营养成分中贝加尔茴鱼的脂肪酸配比更为理想。肌肉与卵的常量元素均为高K低Na型,且富含Fe、Zn、Cu、Mg等微量元素,下游黑龙江茴鱼和贝加尔茴鱼的矿物质含量较黑龙江茴鱼略高。【结论】3种性腺发育处于IV期的雌性野生茴鱼肌肉与卵均具有较高的营养价值,其中下游黑龙江茴鱼和贝加尔茴鱼肌肉与卵营养成分组成及配比较黑龙江茴鱼更为合理,因此黑龙江茴鱼以及尚未开展人工养殖的下游黑龙江茴鱼、贝加尔茴鱼具有广阔的养殖前景。

【Objective】 To compare the nutritional quality of muscles and eggs of Thymallus grubii,Thymallus tugarinae and Thymallus baicalensis in the Heilongjiang River Basin during sexual maturity.【Method】The experiment collected the muscles and eggs of three species of Thymallus in the ovarian stage IV.In addition,the nutritional indexes such as moisture,crude ash,crude fat,crude protein content,amino acid and fatty acid composition were detected and evaluated.【Results】 The regular nutrient content of eggs of the three species of Thymallus was higher than that of muscle,and there were interspecific differences in egg moisture,egg ash,egg fat and egg protein content(P < 0.05),and the content of water and ash of T.baicalensis eggs was the highest,and the crude fat and crude protein contents of the eggs in the T.tugarinae were the highest.There were interspecific differences in muscle fat content(P < 0.05),with T.baicalensis having the highest fat content and T.grubii having the highest crude protein content.The essential amino acid fraction/total amino acid fraction [w(EAA)/w(TAA)]of the T.tugarinae muscle and T.baicalensis eggs were the highest,which were 38.39% and 39.79%,respectively;The umami amino acid fractions/total amino acid fractions [w(DAA)/w(TAA)] of T.tugarinae muscle and T.grubii egg were the highest,which were 39.77% and 33.44%,respectively;The essential amino acid index(EAAI) of T.grubii muscle and T.tugarinae eggs were the highest,which were 73.41 and 100.60,respectively.The first limiting amino acid of the muscles and eggs of the three species of Thymallus was tryptophan,and the second limiting amino acid was methionine +cystine.Nineteen fatty acids were detected in the muscles of T.tugarinae and T.baicalensis,and only sixteen fatty acids were detected in the muscles of T.grubii,and sixteen fatty acids were detected in the three eggs.Among them,the fatty acid ratio of T.tugarinae of muscle nutrition was more ideal,and the fatty acid ratio of T.baicalensis was more ideal in egg nutrition.The macroelements of muscle and eggs were all high K and low Na type,and were rich in Fe,Zn,Cu,Mg and other trace elements,and the mineral content of T.tugarinae and T.baicalensis was slightly higher than that of T.grubii.【Conclusion】 The muscles and eggs of the three species of female wild Thymallus in stage IV gonadal development had high nutritional value.Among them,the composition and distribution of muscle and egg nutrients of T.tugarinae and T.baicalensis were more reasonable than those of T.grubii.Therefore,T.grubii,as well as T.tugarinae and T.baicalensis that have not yet been cultured,have broad breeding prospects.