北朝墓葬中的“直閤”与“仪刀”

On the Images of ‘Zhige’and‘Yidao’in the Northern-Dynasty Tombs

本文讨论了5世纪末至6世纪晚期北朝墓葬中的两类形象--直閤与仪刀。它们以地面石刻、墓葬壁画、墓门及葬具装饰、陶俑等多种表现形式出现。二者的创作源于北朝的禁卫制度:直閤的原型是禁军的诸将军主帅,仪刀的原型则是主帅所领之武士。从现存的资料看,直閤与仪刀至少是北魏洛阳时代以及北齐的葬制内容之一。直閤一般成对出现,位置突出,且体形高大。仪刀相对较小,其数量依据墓主等级构成“四-六-八-十-十二”的等差数列。它们见于帝陵级别的墓葬中,并且作为礼遇的内容被赏赐给特殊的人群。大约自北魏末开始,位于南北朝交锋冲要的青州、徐州地区开始出现具有鲜明地方风格的直閤,与作为东魏北齐政治、军事中心的邺城、太原地区形成显著差别。北周则发展出了别具一格的武装化的直閤与仪刀。

This paper focuses on 2hige(直閤 in Chinese character)and Yidao(仪刀 in Chinese character)a two representative figures in the Nort herm-dynasty tombs of the late 5^(th)to the late 6^(th)centuries,which are usually created in the stone carving on the ground,tomb murals,decoration of tomb gates or coffins,and as pottery fgurines a well.They were born by the imperial guard system of the Northern Dynasties,by which Zhige is shaped as commander in chief of the generals,while Yidao as the warrior led by Zhige.It is indicated by the data available that Zhige and Ydao as the burial content dates as early as to the Luoyang period of the Northern-Wei Dynasty and continues through the Northern-Qi Dymnasty,Zhige appear in pair,giant and positioned prominently,but Yidao is relatively small,arranged by the tomb owner's status in the number of‘four,six,eight,ten,twelve’for an arithmetic sequence of ranks.Zhige‘and Yidao’are mostly excavated in the imperial tombs,and there are some cases discovered in the tombs of the distinguished people as the reward from the emperors meanwhile.From around the late Northern-Wei Dynasty in Qingzhou and Xuzhou both positioned crucally in the confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties is found‘Zhige’with distinct local feature,which is in style quite diferent from that of Yecheng and Taiyuan playing as the political and military centers of the Eastern-Wei and Northern-Qi Dynasties.The Northerm-Zhou dynasty entered with the creation of‘Zhge’and‘Ydao’tending to be of the arrmed feature.