放牧对荒漠草原土壤植被的影响研究进展

Study on the Effects of Grazing on Nutrients and Plants in Desert Grassland Ecosystems

由于荒漠草原的特殊地理位置及气候环境,该地区生态较为脆弱,极容易受到人类活动的影响。在各位学者研究的基础上,分析放牧对荒漠草原土壤物理性质(容重、含水量)、化学性质(有机质)、植物个体及群落特征、微生物(多样性)等方面的影响。结果表明:通常情况下,随着放牧强度的增强,土壤结构会发生变化,尤其是表层土壤。如土壤容重增加,土壤渗透能力将下降。但土壤较为贫瘠的沙质土壤中,过度放牧会导致土壤容重降低。而放牧对土壤有机质的影响受众多因素干扰,且有机质含量较低的土壤对放牧更为敏感。就植物和微生物而言,大多学者们的试验成果与“中度干扰”理论一致,表明适当的放牧不仅可以促进土壤养分的增加还能促进植物个体的发育、微生物多样性的增加,进而推动草地生态系统的可持续发展。但过度放牧则会导致植物个体矮小化,植物群落退化,微生物多样性降低。在荒漠草原地区进行科学合理放牧,除了采用统一的研究方法与手段,还要采用多种放牧方式和放牧对象佐证试验,并且将放牧与环境因子相结合,进而推动人类与自然的和谐共处。

Due to the unique geographical location and climatic environment of desert grasslands,the ecology of the region is relatively fragile and highly susceptible to human activities.This paper aims to introduce the effects of grazing on the physical properties(bulk density and water content),chemical properties(organic matter),individual and community characteristics of plants,and microbial diversity of desert grassland soil,based on the research of scholars.The results show that under normal circumstances,with the increase of grazing intensity,the soil structure will change,especially the surface soil.As the soil bulk density increases,the soil permeability decreases.However,in sandy soils with relatively poor soil quality,overgrazing can lead to a decrease in soil bulk density.The impact of grazing on soil organic matter is influenced by multiple factors,and soils with lower organic matter content are more sensitive to grazing.In terms of plants and microorganisms,most scholars have consistent experimental results with the"moderate disturbance"theory,indicating that appropriate grazing can not only promote the increase of soil nutrients,but also promote the development of individual plants and the increase of microbial diversity,thereby promoting the sustainable development of grassland ecosystems.However,overgrazing can lead to stunted plant individuals,degraded plant communities,and decreased microbial diversity.To carry out scientific and rational grazing in desert grassland areas,in addition to adopting unified research methods and means,multiple grazing methods and grazing objects should be used as supporting experiments,and grazing should be combined with environmental factors to promote harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.