从外出打工到返乡创业:新一轮农地确权的影响及其证据

Farmers Returning Hometown for Entrepreneurship:Evidence from the New Round of China's Land Titling

本文立足于中国农村独特的农地制度改革背景,发掘创业行为背后的产权制度根源。基于2016—2018年广东省阳山县4449户农户家庭全部成员就业创业信息的面板数据,利用广义DID模型细致评估了农地确权对农户创业行为的影响,研究发现:(1)农地确权显著拓展了农户的县域创业空间,这主要是激励了农村政治与经济两类精英家庭的创业行为;而文化精英家庭的潜在创业空间因资金缺乏而有待释放。(2)农地确权主要通过发挥市场在土地和劳动力资源配置中的作用、优化当地营商环境来吸引农村精英返乡创业。而且,农地确权并不显著影响县域创业行为的生存周期,表明其创业效应不带有政府强推的“运动式”特征。(3)农地确权改革激发的创业活动有显著的就业带动效应,且“差序格局”特征明显。文章结论揭示了农村地区创业所蕴含的地权改革作用逻辑,是农户从“外出打工”向“返乡创业”生计转型的重要驱动力。

Based on the unique context of farmland system reform in rural China,this paper uncovers the roots of the property rights system behind entrepreneurial behavior.Based on 2016-2018 panel data detailing employment information of all members of each rural household in Yangshan County,Guangdong Province,we employ a generalized DID model to identify the impact of land titling on households'county-wide entrepreneurship.Our findings are as follows:(1)Land titling broadens the opportunities for households to start businesses in the county.It particularly motivates rural political and economic elite households to start a business,whereas cultural elite households are unable to launch local businesses due to a lack of capital.(2)Land titling promotes the market-oriented allocation of land and labor,which improves the local entrepreneurial environment and attracts rural elite household members to return to their hometowns for entrepreneurship.Moreover,land titling has no substantial effect on the survival cycle of such entrepreneurial activity,implying that its impact is unlikely to be the consequence of local officials pursuing political achievements.(3)These entrepreneurial activities create many job opportunities,the intensity of which follows a"dfference sequence pattern".This evidence reveals that the entrepreneurial logic of land rights reform is a significant motivator for households to shift from urban-rural migration to local entrepreneurship.