重述“技术公益主义”:人工智能立法的一般理论与实践

Restating'Technological Public-Welfare':the General Theory and Practice of Artificial Intelligence Legislation

随着人工智能技术的不断发展,具有人文价值精神的“技术公益主义”理论正在全方位地渗透到人工智能立法之中。该理论既是对“技术中立论”“技术决定论”的批判,又推动了人工智能立法由“公众权益保障”框架向“公共风险规制”框架的转型。这种转型在欧盟、中国以及美国立法上展现出不同的形态:欧盟人工智能立法对“技术公益主义”理论采取了“半开放性”修正;中国以地方立法试验为主,并展现出强烈的包容性“技术公益主义”倾向;美国则更加注重“技术公益主义”的软法之治。然而,上述实践也表明,当前人工智能立法中“技术公益主义”忽视了市场驱动力(私利)保护,导致了权利义务责任的配置失衡,进而影响了人工智能立法的适用范围。综合上述理论发展与实践探索,“技术公益主义”的理论发展应当更加注重技术价值与法律价值的相互构建、技术公益与责任公益的紧密衔接、立法与软法的协同推进,从而进一步为全人类的可持续发展凝聚出人工智能立法共识。

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology,the theory of'technological publicwelfare'with humanistic value is permeating the legislation of artificial intelligence in all aspects.This theory not only criticizes the'technology centrism'and'technology determinism',but also promotes the transformation of artificial intelligence legislation from a'public rights protection'framework to a'public risk regulation'framework.This transformation has shown different forms in legislation in the European Union,China,and the United States:the EU's artificial intelligence legislation has adopted a'semi open'amendment to the theory of'technological public-welfare';China mainly focuses on local legislative experiments and exhibits a strong tendency towards inclusive'technological public-welfare';The United States places greater emphasis on the soft law governance of'technological public-welfare'.However,the above practices also indicate that the current'technological publicwelfare'in AI legislation overlooks the protection of market driving forces(private interests),leading to an imbalance in the allocation of rights,obligations,and responsibilities,thereby affecting the scope of application of AI legislation.Based on the above theoretical development and practical exploration,the theoretical development of'technological public-welfare'should pay more attention to the mutual construction of technological value and legal value,the close connection between technological public welfare and responsibility public welfare,and the coordinated promotion of legislation and soft law,so as to further consolidate the consensus of artificial intelligence legislation for the sustainable development of all humanity.