平台经济的新就业形态与经济关系解构——一个政治经济学分析

The New Employment Form of Platform Economy and the Deconstruction of Its Economic Relationship——A Political Economics Analysis

主导技术体系的变化推动就业模式的转变。技术基础、价值取向、社会需要、生产组织的变革衍生出新的就业岗位与就业模式,推动多方雇佣关系就业、在线任务众包就业、在线匹配按需就业以及依托平台自主就业等新就业形态的产生,引发就业背后劳动经济关系的转变。劳动关系的转变和数据要素的使用推动劳动力与生产资料结合的数字化转变,构建起分散生产与集中控制相结合的扁平化生产分工网络体系与平台中心的算法控制管理模式。这种数字技术与数据要素结合形成的数字化生产方式引致生产主导权的变化,深刻改变了劳资之间的权力博弈关系,形成了不同行业、不同技能和不同群体从业的劳动者的收入水平分化。因此,在完善劳动关系认定基础上,规范数据要素运行、规制平台垄断,控制过劳现象、完善工会建设并保障劳动者权益以及赋予劳动者数据收益权,是对不同类型新就业形态的经济关系进行解构所得出的治理方案。

The changes in the dominant technological system have triggered a gradual transformation in the structure of production relations.The transformation of technological foundations,value orientations,social needs,and production organizations has led to the emergence of new employment opportunities and models.This article divides new forms of employment into four types:multi-party employment,online task crowdsourcing employment,online matching ondemand employment,self-employment relying on plaforms,and explores the changes in their labor economic relationships.Data elements have reshaped the labor relations between workers and platforms,as well as the way labor is combined with means of production,creating a division of labor system that combines decentralized production with centralized control.Platforms use data to actually control and manage the labor process,resulting in frequent overwork,asymmetric labor-capital power game relationships,and differentiated benefit distribution patterns.Therefore,building a differentiated governance structure,regulating platform monopolies,controlling overwork,improvingunion construction,and ensuring workers'rights and giving workers the right to benefit,forming a more equitable distribution mechanism are new governance solutions.