综合治理拖欠抚养费问题比较研究

Comparative Study on Comprehensive Treatment of maintenance Arrears

美国和法国等国家已确立扶养费代收机构解决扶养权利人自行追讨或通过法院追讨扶养费难达目的的问题,此等代收机构能调动各个方面的国家力量,包括失信惩戒机制迫使扶养义务人履行义务,并对拒养者课加刑事责任,形成了综合治理拖欠抚养费行为的模式,但对由于服刑等原因实在履行不了抚养义务者,也实行减少或豁免政策,并以扶养费代收机构为后备履行人,消除扶养权利人得不到履行的风险。尽管如此,对于怠于行使扶养请求权者,大多数立法机关都以诉讼时效和执行时效消灭此等权利。我国还停留在单纯依靠法院解决拖欠的抚养费阶段,无抚养费代收机构,由于法院判决执行率只有57%,导致扶养权利人即使胜诉也可能得不到抚养费的给付,所以,补设抚养费代收机构、把抚养费确定和执行制度扩用于留守儿童与其父母的关系,为建立我国未来的综合治理型的扶养费征收制度的主要工作方向。

The United States,France and other countries have established maintenance collection agencies to solve the problem of maintenance rights holders’difficulty in recovering maintenance on their own or through the courts,and such collection agencies can mobilize all fields of national power,including the default disciplinary mechanism to force the obligors of maintenance to fulfill their obligations,and impose criminal liability on those who refuse to provide maintenance,thus forming a model for comprehensively managing arrears of maintenance.But for those who cannot fulfill their maintenance obligations due to serving a prison sentence,etc.,it also implements policies of reduction or exemption,and uses the agency as a reserve performer to eliminate the risk of maintenance rights holders for failure to receive their maintenance.Nonetheless,for those who do not exercise their right to claim maintenance,most legislatures have used the statute of limitations for litigation and the statute of limitations on enforcement to extinguish such rights.China is still at the stage of relying solely on the courts to resolve the problem of maintenance arrears,with no maintenance collection agencies,and as the enforcement rate of court judgments is only 57%,the rights holders of maintenance may not be able to receive maintenance payments even if s/he wins the case.Consequently,the establishment of a maintenance collection agency,and the expansion of the system of determining and enforcing maintenance payments to the relationship between left-behind children and their parents are the main direction for the establishment of a comprehensive governance of collecting maintenance payments in China's future.