脱氧核酶催化放大效应在微RNA传感中的研究与应用

Development and Application of RNA-cleaving Deoxyribozyme Catalytic Amplification in MicroRNA Biosensors

微RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一种与肿瘤等多种疾病的发生发展密切相关的短序列非编码RNA,其具有丰度低、序列同源性高和易降解等特点,因此,miRNAs的高灵敏、高特异检测面临巨大挑战。具有RNA切割活性的脱氧核酶是新兴的一类功能性单链DNA分子,此类酶能在金属离子的辅助下对核酸底物特异性切割,释放miRNA进行循环再利用,实现信号放大。目前,基于脱氧核酶催化放大检测miRNA的新方法研究是近年来科研人员的重点关注方向之一。本文根据脱氧核酶结合不同的生物传感新技术和新材料,对近年来发展出的基于脱氧核酶催化放大检测miRNAs的新方法进行分类与回顾,归纳为脱氧核酶DNA自组装、脱氧核酶偶联等温扩增以及脱氧核酶结合新型纳米材料的3类方向,并逐一阐述各个方向的基本原理及其在生物传感领域、医学检测方向的最新研究进展与应用实例,旨在为进一步的精准灵敏检测miRNAs新策略研究提供参考。

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are small non-coding RNAs that are closely associated with the occurrence and progression of tumors and other diseases.However,miRNAs require high-sensitivity and high-specificity detection due to their low abundance,high sequence homology,and rapid degradation.The RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme(RCD)is a functional single-stranded DNA molecule that enables specific cleavage of substrates to release miRNAs that can be recycled with the assistance of metal ions,prompting cyclic signal amplification.Recently,developing new methods based on RCD catalytic amplification for miRNA high-sensitivity detection has become the focus of researchers.Based on combing with the various new technologies and materials in miRNA biosensors,this study classifies and reviews the new methods for detecting miRNAs based on deoxyribozyme catalytic amplification developed in recent years.We separate these miRNA detection strategies into three categories:RCDs combined with DNA self-assembly,isothermal amplification,and nanomaterials.We explore the basic principles of each approach,the latest research advancements,and application scenarios in biomedical sensors and medical detection.This review provides a foundation and reference for further research of highly sensitive and accurate miRNA detection strategies.