新型总有关系下宅基地三权分置的法理逻辑

The Legal Logic of the Three Rights of Homestead under the New CollectiveRelationship

以《民法典》第363条转介条款为通道,相关公法规范放松了农民集体所有土地使用权流转的限制,可见原宅基地使用权中的成员身份性要素已被立法者剥离出来,重新按照三权分置的结构以资格权形式予以单独保护。资格权经由新型总有关系从集体所有权中提取出来,成为兼具身份与财产属性的准自物权。使用权凸显纯粹财产属性,可以实现市场化配置。考察总有制度的起源与演进历程,可以发现,所有权可以在作为完整实体的团体法人和作为其构成性来源的成员之间共存并进行权能分割,相应的财产权制度及法律效果可以因地制宜进行本土化演进,以有效解决团体身份封闭性与财产价值开放性之间的矛盾。总有制度在漫长历史进程中将随着农村经济结构转型而逐渐走向消亡,但在当前阶段作为实现三权分置的有效形式,仍具有不可替代的过渡价值。

Under the perspective of switch-over clause of Article 363 of the Civil Code,the relevant public law norms have relaxed the restriction on the transfer of the use right of the rural collective land.It can be seen that the membership identity element in the original right to use the homestead has been stripped out by the legislator and protected separately in the form of qualification right according to the requirements of the separation of three rights.The qualification right is extracted from the collective ownership right through the new collective relationship,and becomes a quasi self-property right with both identity and property attributes.The right to use highlights the pure property attribute and realizes market-oriented allocation.Examining the origin and evolution of the system,it can be found that ownership can coexist and be divided between the legal person as a complete entity and the members as its constitutive source,and the corresponding property right system and legal effect can be localized and evolved according to the local conditions,so as to effectively solve the contradiction between the closed identity of the group and the openness of the property value.In the long historical process,there is always a system that will gradually go to extinction with the transformation of rural economic structure,but at the present stage,as a form of realizing the separation of three rights,it still has an irreplaceable transitional value.