大科学项目中政产学研如何合作?——基于行动者网络的视角

How do government,industry,academia,and research collaborate in big science projects——From the perspective of actor networks

大科学设施具有科学和工程双重属性,能够产生重大的科学价值和社会经济效益,是满足国家战略需求、建设科技强国的重要物质条件。主体间合作是设施项目运作的关键特征和成功的必要条件,然而中央和地方政府、科研院校、企业在价值观念、兴趣目标、利益诉求等方面存在着明显分歧,它们实现合作的过程和机制尚未得到充分讨论。基于行动者网络视角,通过对珠三角地区若干大科学设施的实地调研,研究发现:设施项目是以科研院校为核心的行动者网络构建过程,经历了问题识别与方案提供、符合利益和固定角色、建立不同类型合作联结、激活主体和维持网络4个阶段。此外,合作成功的关键在于所提出的方案符合各方利益,合作的首要挑战是各方对大科学设施缺乏认识,目前我国项目合作存在的问题是组织管理的协调和激励。本文拓展了政产学研合作在基础科学研究领域的研究,丰富了中国大科学设施项目运作的现实经验。

Large scientific facilities are important material conditions for meeting national strategic needs and building a powerful coun-try in science and technology.Facility construction and operation is achieved through the facilities project,the success of which depends on the cooperation between the participants.However,there is a clear divergence in values,interests and goals among the central and local government,research institutes and enterprises.The process and mechanism of their cooperation have not been fully discussed.Through field research on several large scientific facilities in the PRD region,the study found that the facilities project is a plocess of building actor networks centered around research institutions(focal actors),which has gone through four stages:problem identification and solution provision,alignment of interests and fixed roles,establishing dfferent types of cooperative connections,activation of participants and maintenance of the network.The building experience,team strength,communication and coordination skills,social connections and political resources of the focal actors are essential to achieve project cooperation.Secondly,the key to cooperation is that the facility project programme meets the interests of all parties.The motivations of actors in public sector-led government-industry-academia-research collaborations are more complex and diverse,with the satisfaction of national or overall interests being the highest priority.Thirdly,the primary challenge to collaboration is the lack of knowledge and misunderstanding of large science facilities,which requires lots of science popularization work.This gives the focal actors opportunity to rephrasing and redefining participants'problems,and the lobbying process largely influences the image of the facility's role in the eyes of local authorities and the public.Lastly,the outstanding problem of cooperation is the coordination and motivation of project organization and management.Even if the core actors succeed in building a collaborative network,conflicts of objectives and interests between actors persist and affect the efficiency of project management due to our current project management system.Further discussion demonstrates network resilience and reconfiguration.On one hand,the network of actors has a certain degree of resilience in the face of risk and failure,and is able to adapt strategic objectives and courses of action in response to changes in the environment.On the other hand,the generation of new facility operating networks can effectively improve the operational efficiency of large scientific facilities because of the increased sharing of resources.This article expands the research on the cooperation between government,industry,academia,and research in the field of basic science research,and enriches the practical experience of the operation of Chinas large scientific facility projects.