政府创设需求、赛马竞争与创新领跑——美国商业船员计划的案例研究

Government created needs,"horse-racing"competition,and innovation leadership:Case study based on NASA's Commercial Crew Program

创新领跑是世界上主要国家科技发展的战略目标,但传统理论研究却低估了其中政府的战略作用。针对这一理论缺口,本文以NASA实施的商业船员计划为典型案例,采用分析性归纳策略,研究提出政府推动创新领跑的概念模型,指出政府应在新赛道新领域创设重大技术需求,采用赛马竞争方式激发国家创新体系内在动能,以构建公平竞争方式促进新创意新路线脱颖而出,并培育壮大新一代的全球领跑科技领军企业,实现“从需求创设到领军企业育成”的制度安排。根据该概念模型,本文立足科技创新的新情景,对我国健全新型举国体制,推动我国实现创新领跑战略目标提出若干启示。

Innovation leadership is the strategic goal of science and technology development in major countries around the world,and for China,how the government can play an effective role in order to realize the shift from catching up to leading at the frontier is a key issue that needs to be explored urgently.As a long-term world leader,the experience of the United States has important lessons for China.After reviewing classic works such as endogenous economic growth theory,national innovation system theory,and triple helix theory,we find that traditional theoretical studies,however,underestimate the strategic role of the U.S.government in leading major scientific and technological innovations.To address this theoretical gap,this paper takes the Commercial Crew Program(CCP)implemented by NASA as a typical case study,collects secondary textual information through multiple channels,and adopts an analytical induction strategy to extract four key points in the implementation of the CCP,including open access,creativity priority,milestone assessment,and winner-take-all.On this basis,the role of government in promoting innovation leadership is analyzed,and a conceptual model of government promotion of innovation leadership is proposed.The study points out that the government creates major technological demands in new tracks and new fields,adopts horse-racing competition to stimulate the intrinsic kinetic energy of the national innovation system,promotes the emergence of new ideas and new routes by constructing a fair competition,and nurtures a new generation of globally leading scientific and technological leading enterprises,so as to realize the institutional arrangement of"from the creation of demands to the nurturing of leading enterprises".The institutional arrangement of"from demand creation to leading enterprise formation"is realized.Based on this conceptual model,this paper puts forward a number of insights into the new scenario of scientific and technological innovation,and proposes a new type of national system to promote China to achieve the strategic goal of innovation leadership.Based on the new scenario of"three-run concurrently"in China,this paper extracts the strategic role of the government in promoting S&T innovation from typical cases,and proposes a path mechanism for the implementation of the strategy.Theoretically,this paper makes up for the neglect of the strategic role of the government in the existing studies;on the other hand,it has reference value for China to improve the new national system and promote innovation leading in an organized and targeted way.