学校“层次”对高校毕业生就业质量的影响研究——基于2019年全国高校毕业生就业状况调查的实证分析

The Influence of School“Level”on the Employment Quality of College Graduates:Empirical Analysis Based on the 2019 National Survey Data on the Employment Status of College Graduates

在严峻的就业形势面前,部分高校毕业生抱有“名校包袱”,不愿从事学历和技术门槛低的工作,进一步催化“慢就业”现象,折射出高等教育结构与劳动力市场结构间供需不匹配、高校毕业生自我定位认知不清等问题,不利于实现高质量就业。本文基于2019年全国高校毕业生就业状况调查数据,采用OLS回归、Probit回归、有序Logit回归以及固定效应模型,从就业质量的角度阐释高校毕业生群体“脱不下长衫”的现状和影响,并从就业观念的角度剖析“名校”毕业生高工资与低满意度并存的原因。研究发现:第一,“双一流”高校毕业生期望和实际薪资较高,但整体和工资福利满意度较低;第二,“双一流”高校的毕业生对文凭信号的过高重视、对社会资本的轻视致使其陷于“象牙塔”的幻梦,高估薪资水平;第三,较大的薪资高估直接降低高校毕业生就业满意度,出现名校生“高工资”与“低满意度”并存的局面。因此,改进就业观念、明晰个人定位对提升就业满意度和就业质量至关重要。高校毕业生需要改善自身就业观念,通过职业讲座、招聘会、实习等活动扩大信息来源、把握就业市场形势和趋势,学校和政府在推进高质量就业的过程中要更加关注学生就业时存在的信息不对称问题,培养学生的就业敏感度和就业能力。

In the face of a challenging employment situation,some college graduates carry the burden of attending prestigious universities and are not willing to engage in jobs with lower educational and technical requirements.This further exacerbates the phenomenon of“slow employment”and reflects the mismatch between the higher education structure and the labor market structure,as well as the unclear self-perception of college graduates.These issues are not conducive to achieving high-quality employment.This article is based on the 2019 national survey data on the employment status of college graduates,using OLS regression,Probit regression,ordered Logit regression,and fixed effects models to explain the current situation and impact of college graduates'reluctance to abandon their prestigious identity from the perspective of employment quality.It also analyzes the reasons for the coexistence of high salaries and low satisfaction among graduates from prestigious universities from the perspective of employment concepts.The study found the following:First,the higher the expectations and actual salaries of graduates from“Double First Class”universities,the lower their overall job satisfaction and satisfaction with salary and benefits.Second,graduates from“Double First Class”universities place excessive importance on diploma signals and underestimate social capital,leading them to be trapped in an ivory tower illusion and overestimate salary levels.Third,the overestimation of salaries directly lowers the job satisfaction of college graduates and leads to the situation where high salaried“prestigious university”graduates coexist with low satisfaction.Therefore,improving employment concepts and clarifying personal positioning are crucial for enhancing job satisfaction and employment quality.College graduates need to improve their employment concepts by expanding their sources of information,grasping the employment market situation and trends through career lectures,job fairs,internships,etc.In the process of promoting high-quality employment,schools and governments should pay more attention to the problem of information asymmetry that exists when students are seeking employment and cultivate students'employment sensitivity and ability.