清代多语种文献所见时人对拉达克的认知

People's Understanding of Ladakh in Multilingual Literature from the Qing Dynasty

拉达克是西藏阿里地区(“阿里三围”)一部分,也称“阿里芒域”,是西藏地方的一种地方性知识,构成当地传统的地理、历史和政治观念。这一观念影响深远广泛,在清代多语种文献中仍多有反映。清代卫藏地区藏传佛教界和世俗贵族视拉达克为“阿里芒域”,称呼拉达克或拉达克人时常冠以“阿里”一词;拉达克则自视为阿里地区一部分,与回疆地区交往时常自称“土伯特拉达克”或“土伯特”。西藏地方这一认知塑造了周边涉藏地区和穆斯林地区对拉达克的认知。清朝办理西藏和回疆事务的地方官员接受这一认知,进而影响了清廷对拉达克的认知,并形塑了西藏舆图和新疆方志对拉达克的描绘。南亚地区对拉达克的认知又塑造了近代西方的认知。

Ladakh is a part of the mNgav-ris region("mNgav-ris-skor-gsum"),also known as"mNgav-ris Mang-yul".It is a kind of local knowledge in Xizang and constitutes the local traditional geography,history and political concepts.This concept has far-reaching influence and is still reflected in many multilingual documents of the Qing Dynasty.During the Qing Dynasty,the Tibetan Buddhist community and secular aristocrats in the dBus-gtsang area regarded Ladakh as the"mNgav-ris Mang-yul".and often called Ladakh or Ladakhi people with the word"mNgav-ris".Ladakh regarded itself as part of the mNgav-ris region,often called themselves"Tibetan Ladakh"or"Tibetan"when interacting with Altishahr areas.This has shaped the perception of Ladakh in surrounding Tibetan-related areas and Muslim areas.Local officials in charge of Tibetan and Altishahr affairs in the Qing Dynasty accepted this understanding,which in turn affected Qing government's understanding of Ladakh and shaped the depiction of Ladakh in maps of Xizang and local chronicles of Xinjiang.South Asia's perception of Ladakh then shaped modern Western perceptions.