清代中期甘青地方寺院管理体制的变革与重构——以西宁地区为例

The Transformation and Reconstruction of the Local Monastery Management System in Gansu and Qinghai in the Mid-Qing Dynasty--Taking Xining as an Example

清代中期,甘青地方寺院管理制度经历了一个转型与重构的过程。明末清初,大多格鲁派寺院确立“政教合一”的体制,然而随着雍乾年间朝廷对“番寺”宗教定位的明确及一系列限制措施的出台,寺院与原先依附的部落逐渐“脱嵌”,转变为相对独立的社会治理单元。为应对这一变革,寺院不仅建立了相对完善的管理体制,确保内部秩序的稳定,还积极积累独立的寺产,直接参与地方的开发与贸易活动。在寺院内部,统一的仪规的推行,僧侣大会、法会的定期举行,以及对寺院历史的传习,增强了僧侣对寺院的认同感和归属感。面对外部因素的影响,僧侣作为寺院成员的身份意识凸显,成为集体行动的组织基础。以西宁周边诸寺为例,其堪布选任、寺产经营管理以及僧侣共同体的塑造等策略,都展现了格鲁派寺院在清代中期甘青社会变动中的重要作用。

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the local monastery management system in Gansu and Qinghai went through a process of transformation and reconstruction.In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,most Gelug monasteries established a system of "integration of politicos and religion".However,with the clear religious positioning of "Fan(Tibetan) monastery" and the introduction of a series of restrictions during the reigns of emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong,the monastery and its originally affiliated tribes gradually "detached" and transformed into a relatively independent social governance unit.In response to this change,the monastery has not only established a relatively perfect management system to ensure the stability of internal order,but also actively accumulated independent monastery property and directly participated in local development and trade activities.Inside the monastery,the implementation of unified rituals,the regular holding of monks' conferences and Dharma meetings,and the transmission of the history of the monastery have enhanced the monks' sense of identity and belonging to the monastery.In the face of the influence of external factors,the identity awareness of monks as members of the monastery is prominent,which has become the organizational basis for collective action.Taking the monasteries around Xining as an example,their strategies such as the selection of mKhan-po,the management of monastery property and the shaping of the monk community all show the important role of Gelug monasteries in the social changes of Gansu and Qinghai in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.