历史文化认同视域下的中古正统观念

The Ideas of Orthodoxy from the Perspective of Historical and Cultural Identity in the Medieval Ages of China

中古正统观念的形成与发展,与这一时期历史文化认同意识的不断加强有着密切的关系。秦汉正统观念的形成,表现为高度重视治统认同的历史建构与思想阐发,大力构建华夷各民族同源共祖谱系以深化炎黄始祖认同意识,强化以礼义文化而非种族血缘辨别夷夏的礼义文化认同意识,重视以中央政权为中心的正史记述以彰显华夏正统的地理认同意识。魏晋南北朝正统观念的发展,主要体现在少数民族政权与汉族政权的正统之争上,少数民族政权分别从血缘认同、治统认同、中原地理认同和夷夏之辨诸方面与汉族政权争正统,正统观念打上了鲜明的民族交融的时代印记。隋唐正统观念的新发展,主要表现在人们不再斤斤于过往民族政权对峙时期以夷夏辨别正统的做法,转而以开明、包容、客观的态度来看待分裂时期各政权、尤其是少数民族政权的正统问题。同时在儒释道“三教”并重背景下,为排斥佛、道,复兴儒学,韩愈提出道统论,旨在确立大一统政权下儒学的正统地位。

The formation and development of the ideas of orthodoxy in the Middle Ages of China is closely related to reinforcing of the sense of historical and cultural identity during this period. The formation of the ideas of orthodoxy in the Qin and Han Dynasties was manifested in the high valuing to the historical construction and elaboration of orthodox identity, and the construction of the common ancestry of the Huaxia and barbarians deepened the sense of the Yellow Emperor being common their ancestor, the thought that culture instead of descent is the standard of identifying the Huaxia and barbarians was accepted wildly, and the official histories in which central governments were emphasized highlight the orthodox geographic identity of Huaxia. The development of the ideas of orthodoxy in the Wei, Jin and North-South Dynasties was mainly reflected in the struggle between the minority regimes and the Han regimes for orthodoxy. The struggle based on ancestry identity, governance identity, geographic identity of the Central Plains, and the discrimination between the Huaxia and the barbarians, so the ideas of orthodoxy in this age was with the features of ethnic integration. The further development of the ideas of orthodoxy in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was mainly manifested in the change that traditional idea that distinguish Huaxia from barbarians was set aside, and people preferred to adopting enlightened, tolerant, and neutral attitude to orthodoxy of regimes in various period, and the orthodoxy of minority regimes was rethought. During this period, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism developed at the same time, and Han Yu put forward the theory of Confucian orthodoxy in order to reject Buddhism and Taoism, aiming at the strengthening of the orthodox of Confucianism.