Genetic and molecular mechanisms of reproductive isolation in the utilization of heterosis for breeding hybrid rice

Heterosis,also known as hybrid vigor,is commonly observed in rice crosses.The hybridization of rice species or subspecies exhibits robust hybrid vigor,however,the direct harnessing of this vigor is hindered by reproductive isolation.Here,we review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing reproductive isolation in inter-subspecific and inter-specific hybrids.This review encompasses the genetic model of reproductive isolation within and among Oryza sativa species,emphasizing the essential role of mitochondria in this process.Additionally,we delve into the molecular intricacies governing the interaction between mitochondria and autophagosomes,elucidating their significant contribution to reproductive isolation.Furthermore,our exploration extends to comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of reproductive isolation and speciation in rice.Building on these advances,we offer a forward-looking perspective on how to overcome the challenges of reproductive isolation and facilitate the utilization of heterosis in future hybrid rice breeding endeavors.