个人信息对价化交易的定性和法律适用

Characterization and Legal Application of Quid Pro Quo Transactions of Personal Information

个人信息主体以同意个人信息处理换取特定服务,可称为个人信息对价化交易。当事人可自由选择将这一交易类型构造为双务合同,将同意构造为对待给付,法律上并无任何理由限缩其意思自治的空间并挫败这种交易安排,民法上的人格权益优先和人身债务不得强制执行、个人信息保护法上的任意撤回权和捆绑禁止规则均不构成制度障碍。个人信息对价化交易在法律性质上可归入个人信息许可使用合同。应当引入《民法典》格式条款内容控制制度,突破核心给付义务不受审查的原则,依据是否违反个人信息保护法基本原则与是否不当限制信息主体合同核心权利、加重合同核心义务两项标准,审查作为同意之原因行为的合同条款,以防止个人信息保护法知情同意规则被架空以及合同履行之必需场景被不当扩充。应当以双务合同中的交换关系为核心,同时兼顾个人信息保护法价值取向,配置特殊的履行障碍规则以平衡两造当事人之利益关系:个人信息主体违反同意之义务的,合同相对人并无履行请求权、同时履行抗辩权、损害赔偿请求权和违约金请求权,享有基于对待给付牵连性的合同解除权;信息处理者违反服务提供义务的,信息主体并无减价权,解除权发生条件可放宽至非根本违约情形。

When a subject of personal information agrees to the processing of personal information in exchange for specific services,this can be called quid pro quo transactions of personal information.The parties are free to choose to structure this type of transaction as a bilateral contract and consent as a consideration and there is no reason in law to limit their autonomy and frustrate this type of transaction arrangement,and the priority of personality interests and unenforceability of personal debts in civil law as well as the right of withdrawal of consent and the rule of bundling prohibition in Personal Information Protection Law do not constitute institutional obstacles.Quid pro quo transactions of personal information can be categorized as the personal information licensing contract in the legal nature.The system of control of the content of standard terms in the Civil Code should be introduced to break through the principle of not reviewing the core obligation to payment,and in order to prevent the hollowing out of the rules of informed consent under the Personal Information Protection Law and unduly expanding of scenarios necessary for contract performance,the contractual clauses that are the cause of consent shall be reviewed based on the criteria of whether they violate the basic principles of the Personal Information Protection Law and whether they unduly restrict the core contractual rights of information subjects or increase the core obligations of contracts.In order to balance the interests of the two parties,the irregularities of performance should be set up with the exchange relationship in a bilateral contract as the core,while taking into account the value orientation of the Personal Information Protection Law.If the subject of personal information violates the obligation of consent,the counterparty of the contract does not have the right to claim for performance,defense of simultaneous performance,claim for damages and claim for liquidated damages,but enjoys the right to terminate the contract on the basis of the implication of treating the payment;if the information processor violates the obligation to provide services,the information subject does not have the right to reduce the price,and the conditions for the occurrence of the right to terminate the contract may be relaxed to non-fundamental breach of contract.