论自身关系--关于德国古典哲学遗产的思考

On Self-Relationship--Reflections on the Legacy of German Classical Philosophy

以往从马克思主义哲学角度看,德国古典哲学遗产主要是指黑格尔的辩证法,但也有一条贯穿于德国古典哲学的思想线索,即自身关系思想。这一思想既是反映事物本质内涵的思想内容,又是一种认识事物本质的思维方法。它是理解黑格尔辩证法理论及其应用的内在机理,应作为遗产加以挖掘。自身关系作为问题是在康德哲学中提出来的,其实质是如何解决物自体的不可知问题。费希特通过自我设定行动,在自我与非我之间建立了意识的自身关系,才实现了自我本质认识。谢林则以绝对自我的能动性建立了纯粹意识的自身关系,进而达到对绝对本质的直观。黑格尔在前人的基础上,通过把意识的自身关系改造为概念或实体的自身关系;于是概念或实体便在自身关系的框架中以自身分化和自身扬弃、自身规定和自身否定、自身联系和自身转化等方式建立了庞大的逻辑学体系,以达到绝对理念的认识。

From the perspective of Marxist philosophy,the legacy of German classical philosophy has primarily been associated with Hegel’s dialectics.However,there is another significant thread run‐ning through German classical philosophy:the concept of self-relationship.This thought serves as both a reflection of the essential nature of things and a cognitive methodology to grasp the essence of phe‐nomena.It constitutes the inherent mechanism for comprehending Hegel’s dialectics and its applica‐tions,thereby warranting thorough excavation as a significant part of this intellectual heritage.The issue of self-relationship was initially posed within Kant’s philosophy,where it pertained to resolving the problem of the unknowable thing-in-itself.Fichte achieved self-essence recognition by establishing a self-relation between the ego and the non-ego within consciousness through self-positing actions.Schelling,on the other hand,developed this concept through the dynamic agency of the absolute ego,establishing a self-relation within pure consciousness that led to the intuitive grasp of the absolute es‐sence.Building upon these foundations,Hegel transformed the self-relation of consciousness into that of concepts or entities.Within this framework,concepts or entities established a vast logical system through processes of self-differentiation,self-sublation,self-stipulation,self-negation,self-connec‐tion,and self-transformation,aiming to achieve an understanding of the absolute idea.