审美平等与当代批判理论中的康德美学批判

Aesthetic Equality and Kantian Aesthetic Criticism in Contemporary Critical Theory

审美政治是当代批判理论思考社会问题的理论路径之一,包括审美平等、审美解放和审美共同体等具体问题。康德美学作为传统哲学美学的代表,在解释快速变化的社会现实时暴露其限度。当代批判理论从康德美学出发,改造美学与政治的关系,思考审美平等的问题。朗西埃在感性平等的维度,将审美共通感阐释为自由运动的感性能力的普遍预设,让惯常感性分配体制下不可见的群体重新显现。巴迪欧聚焦主体平等问题,以康德不确定、无意义的超验理念,引导主体无限开放的思维能力,艺术主体以感觉方式的革新推动政治平等。阿甘本从生命平等出发,反思康德的先验演绎对人与非人之合法性形象的划分,将平等问题奠基于非人的生命感知活动。

From Baumgarten to Kant,aesthetics has gradually become a philosophical aesthetics,whose research perspective is limited by abstract philosophical speculation,and it is difficult to explain the real life.With the rapid change of contemporary social practice,the theoretical form of traditional aesthetics has encountered difficulties in explaining,intervening and responding to the real life.The aesthetic research may need to change at present,by returning to the sensible scene of individual daily life,and explaining the various aesthetic cultural activities that constantly emerge in contemporary society.As one of the approaches to the political turn of contemporary aesthetics,the contemporary critical theorists such as Rcnciere,Badiou and Agamben insist on the theoretical tendency of social criticism,and oppose the static unified perspective of Kant s aesthetics,which prescribes social life and narrates individual experience,and ultimately leads to the aesthetics regression.They try to analyze specific social and political issues with aesthetics close to the living social context.By criticizing Kantian aesthetics,contemporary critical theory promotes the interdisciplinarity of aesthetics and politics,and develops a kind of aesthetic politics,which analyzes and criticizes social problems in three forms,namely,sensible politics,event aesthetics and biopolitics,from the level of sensibility,emotion and feeling,and endows aesthetic practice with theoretical character.Aesthetic politics is one of the theoretical ways of thinking about social problems in contemporary critical theory,as it has established the thinking mode of equality,liberation and community.By breaking the homogenous structure of daily experience,aesthetics overflows the cognitive principle of inequality and constitutes the aesthetic logic of political equality,and the issue of equality is reproposed in the sense of individual free generation and creation.Rcnciere,Badiou and Agamben think about aesthetic equality by equality of sense,equality of subject and equality of life.In the equality of sense,Rcnciere interprets the aesthetic common sense as the universal presupposition of the sensitive capacity of free movement that represents the invisible groups under the conventional sensible distribution system in the aesthetic regime of heterogeneity and coexistence.Badiou focuses on the equality of subject,using Kant s uncertain and meaningless transcendental idea to guide the subject s infinite open thinking ability to transcend the limited and closed experience representation,and the infinite ability constitutes the root of equality.The subject of art promotes political equality through the innovation of the way of sense.Starting from the equality of life,Agamben reflects on Kant s transcendental deduction of the legal image of human and inhuman.The problem of equality is based on the inhuman perception of life,placing the meaning of life in an undistinguishable void area,returning to the open state of life,and dispelling the unequal boundary between human and inhuman.The transformation of Kantian aesthetics by contemporary critical theory expands the theoretical space and interpretive effect of aesthetic research outside the traditional aesthetics,and makes a new kind of critical aesthetics possible.