人类活动胁迫下野生动物生境变迁研究——以中国仰鼻猴为例

Habitat changes of wild animals under human stress:a case study of the snub-nosed monkey in China

人类活动是威胁当今世界生物多样性的重要因素之一,越来越多的“难民物种”受人类活动干扰被限制在了次优的栖息地。以我国受威胁情况较为严重的珍稀物种仰鼻猴为例,基于地形变量、人类活动变量、气候变量及古今分布点(历史时期:20世纪前;现今时期:20世纪至今)数据,利用MaxEnt模型对其古今生境开展预测,结果表明:古今以来,人类活动导致仰鼻猴丧失了我国东部921756km^(2)的适宜生境,保留适生区内的生境质量下降,新增适生区分散且破碎,仰鼻猴重新适应了历史时期的次适生区甚至不适生区。古今以来,仰鼻猴对气候变量适应能力的改变远小于对地形变量,与可以自由选择适宜生境时相比,现今时期的仰鼻猴生境内的海拔更高、地形起伏度更大,最冷月最低温以及年度气温变化的适宜范围相比更窄,仰鼻猴提高了对多种环境因素的适应能力,但同时对环境变化的敏感度升高,并面临着种群隔离度增加等风险,已无法占据最佳生态位。建议关注现有适宜生境附近的人类活动强度,尽可能减少与仰鼻猴产生空间或资源的竞争,加强对该物种的保护。

Human activities are widely recognized as one of the foremost factors posing a significant threat to biodiversity in the world today.More and more “refugee species” have been restricted to sub-optimal habitats due to the disturbance of human activities.Taking the critically endangered snub-nosed monkey,which faces severe threats in China,as a case study,this research employed the MaxEnt model to predict its historical and current habitats based on the data of topographic variables,human activity variables,climate variables,and distribution data from both past(before the 20th century) and present(from the 20th century to the present day) periods.The findings demonstrate that the human activities have resulted in the loss of 921,756 square kilometers of suitable habitat for the snub-nosed monkey in the eastern part of China since ancient times.Within the retain suitable range,the quality of habitats has declined,while the new suitable habitats had become fragmented and dispersed.Remarkably,the snub-nosed monkey has re-adapted to the sub-suitable or even unsuitable habitats in the historical period.The study further reveals that the snub-nosed monkey′s adaptability to climate variables has undergone relatively minor changes compared to its adaptability to topographic variables.Compared with the time when it was free to choose suitable habitats,the altitude and the relief amplitude of the habitat in the current period are higher,the suitable range of the coldest month′s lowest temperature and the temperature annual range is narrower.The snub-nosed monkey has enhanced its adaptability to various environmental variables.At the same time,it has concurrently exhibited heightened sensitivity to environmental changes and encountered escalating risks,including increased population isolation.Consequently,the snub-nosed monkey is no longer able to occupy the optimal ecological niche.To mitigate these challenges,it is recommended to pay attention to the intensity of human activities in the vicinity of existing suitable habitats,to minimize competition with the snub-nosed monkey for space or resources,and to enhance the protection of this species.